Acient and Medieval Western Civilization - 766 Words

Ancient Medieval Western Civilization At the point when Alexander the Great died in Babylon on June 11 323 BC, few could have known the prospects for the Macedonians and the Greeks. In the last twelve years they had fulfilled wonderful victories that brought under their influence more than ten times the domain Alexander had started with in Greece. It was to be the start of the Hellenistic Age, a period of one of a kind social and political advancements, that achieved an amalgamation of old and new. After Phillip of Macedon died the next successor to the throne was his son Alexander III of Macedon. At the point when Alexander went to the throne, he was just twenty years of age, despite the fact that he had incredible preparing and experience for somebody so junior. He had receive an intense training from a man named Leonidas. Then, at age thirteen, he was guided by the Greek savant, Aristotle, who prepared Alexanders keenness as seriously as Leonidas had prepared his body. Largely on account of his instruction, Alexander showed both an unfathomable physical strength and educated virtuoso. Those qualities, consolidated with right on time battles against northern tribes and at the skirmish of Chaeronea, made the youthful ruler more than primed to accept power. For the next eleven years Alexander continued his father plan to conquer Persia . Alexander was also successful because of his charismatic personality. He knew many his troops by name, and imparted the dangers

St. Augustine s Theory Of Evil - 899 Words

Saint Augustine struggled with the concept of evil in the natural world while simultaneously converting to Christianity, much to his mother’s delight. Augustine began by looking for sound arguments against the Manichean school of thought, which he prescribed to for a short while himself. The Neo-Platonic philosophy eventually showed him the intellectual way toward this goal when Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, began to apply this philosophical viewpoint to Christianity. In the end, Augustine created a completely new Christian view of evil, a view that inspired theologians for centuries to come. To begin, Manichean thought saw evil as a substance. A Manichean believed in the duality of substances in the world. In other words, evil was a substance equal yet opposite to the substance of good. While Augustine originally agreed with this school of thought, he eventually found this philosophy to be inept in its explanations of the world. â€Å"But it was principally the idea of the two masses of good and evil that held me fast and stifled me, for I was unable to conceive of any but material realities.† This left the door open for Augustine to find inspiration from different sources. Neo-Platonism enters the scene as one of his mother’s religious heroes, St. Ambrose, explains a new interpretation of Christian scripture. This new philosophical thought understood everything in the natural world to stem from â€Å"The One†, or a single source also referred to as â€Å"The Good†. As AugustineShow MoreRelatedAugustine : A Journey Of Conversion1043 Words   |  5 PagesCaroline Casey Dr. Butera Development of Western Civilization 2 December 2014 Augustine: A Journey of Conversion Before submitting himself to God, Augustine lived a life controlled by various sinful tendencies such as theft and lust. Surrounded by strong believers of Catholicism, such as his mother, St. Monica, Augustine grew up questioning Christ and the faith and rather explored other religions. Two religions that Augustine devoted himself to were Manichaeism and Neoplatonism. While both religionsRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pageschoice topic. The seven philosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees ofRead MoreQuestions For A Philosopher On The Real World1505 Words   |  7 Pages According to Augustine there are two essential questions for a philosopher examining the real world. The first question has to do with the human soul, in which we would concentrate on examining the self. And the second question has to do with God, which helps us better understand our existence. We become more capable of a happy life by getting to better know ourselves. However, the only way we can become truly happy is by getting to know who God is. By knowing both your self and by knowing who GodRead MoreWitchcraft And Superstition In Medieval Europe1654 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounding magic, the first acknowledged magic as a reality, where there were many laws instituting penalties for those who used magic to harm others. The second is commonly known as the Christian tradition, stemming from Christian theologian St. Christian Augustine. The theological idea was that individuals excluding God do not possess the ability to manipulate reality. Meanwhile, many became superstitious of the fear of the unknown and used superstitions as a way of explaining why and how these mysteriousRead MoreThe Sin Of The Original Sin961 Words   |  4 Pagesunrighteousness† (1 John 1:9 King James Version). It is important to keep in mind that no human being is perfect, only God is perfect. In this essay, readers will get the opportunity to learn about the Original Sin and Yetzer Harah and how these two theories cannot be reconciled. What is the Original Sin? According to Harent (1911), the â€Å"original sin may be taken to mean: (1) the sin that Adam committed; (2) a consequence of this first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account ofRead MoreReasons For St Augustine s Conversion2016 Words   |  9 Pageswith spirit. St Augustine Biography Info Augustine of Hippo was born on November 13, in AD 354, in Thagaste (modern day Souk Ahras, Algeria), and died on August 28, in AD 430, in modern-day Annaba, Algeria (then known as Hippo Regius). It was in the latter city where he was named Bishop 35 years prior to his death. It is a challenge to encapsulate renowned personalities, and with St. Augustine, this task is even more difficult (Augustine of Hippo). A theologian and philosopher, Augustine dithered betweenRead MoreThe Sin As A Crime And Sickness2259 Words   |  10 Pagesdefilement against God and Humanity (Taylor 54-57). 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The atheist contends that God and evil are incompatible, and given that evil clearly existsRead MoreBeyond the Problem of Evil Essay6495 Words   |  26 PagesBeyond the Problem of Evil Introduction: The problem of evil is, in my opinion, the best point of departure for a fruitful dialogue between Christianity, traditionally conceived, and those strands of modern philosophy which have been perceived--indeed, have sometimes perceived themselves--as a threat to that tradition. As such, I will attempt first, to outline the problem of evil in the starkest terms possible, presenting Augustines approach to its solution followed by a critical analysis;

Dr. Ambedkar a Great Worshipper of Social Equality free essay sample

There have been a number of great people in the world who have dedicated themselves to the struggles of the emancipation and upliftment of the powerless victims of the systems in their countries. Dr. Ambedkar has been a great advocate of equal rights and equal opportunities for all human beings irrespective of any kind of discriminatory elements. Ambedkar is well-known as the champion of the human rights of the voiceless in India. He himself has been a victim of the system although he has been a great scholar in the world because he was born in a Dalit community whose members have been looked down upon for centuries by the people of their country, especially by the caste Hindus. From time immemorial members of the so-called untouchable communities, tribes, nomadic and denotified communities, religious minorities and women belonging to all communities have been the greatest victims of the prevailing conservative system. In the distant past, these people were subjected to all evil practices by the dominant and privileged people in society. They did not have any right to have equal opportunities in any sphere. However, in the course of time change in the existence of the then victims had been brought about to some extent. The presence of the British rulers in India contributed a lot to this kind of progressive change. In modern India people from every community have access to the means of transformation for the better to certain extent. The constitution of India has ensured egalitarian platform for all the citizens in India. Victims of the system like members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Castes, Religious Minorities and women are found to be excelling in various fields thanks to the constitution whose architect was none other than Ambedkar. Ambedkar`s concept of social equality consists of equal rights and equal opportunities to all citizens in the society; there should not be privileges to certain classes or castes and there should not be any class or caste deprived of opportunities and rights; there should not exist any class iscrimination and caste discrimination. That is why he opposes class discrimination and caste discrimination. According to Ambedkar, an egalitarian society should be based on humanitarian principles like equality, liberty and fraternity. While giving supreme importance to these principles, he says that these three principles are equally important. He advocated social democracy. He states that to keep the social democracy intact these three principles c annot be separated. They are interconnected in the existence of democracy. Here the researcher makes an attempt to discuss Ambedkar`s perspective of social equality and how it is still relevant to the existence of the suffering communities in the present world. Today one can find an almost every society in the world devoid of practice of the humanitarian principles like equality, liberty fraternity and justice. Right from the time of Ambedkar leaders of various sections of the society have not cooperated with him and his mission in spite of his progressive and reformative intentions. Before 1935 Ambedkar tried his best to abolish various evil and detrimental social and religious practices and reform the then stagnant and conservative society. However, because of the non-cooperation of other Indian leaders and their narrow vision of the Indian society discriminatory elements could not be abolished. Even today Ambedkar`s demands for separate electorates can very strongly be justified. His demands for separate electorates could easily safeguard the interests of the downtrodden and Dalit political representatives could give protection to them. Although the Dalit political representatives are elected to Parliament and assemblies in the states of India, they could not safeguard the interests of the downtrodden and protect them from any kind of injustices, atrocities and humiliations, leave alone the political representatives elected from general constituencies. Moreover, instead of separate electorates reservation in government employment, educational institutes and political arena is provided to the Dalits. But the policy of reservation has not been implemented properly and carefully. In this connection, a piece of news published in Hindustan Times on November 21, 2011 reveals how backlogs are not filled up by persons concerned: â€Å"Though the government has in the past launched special recruitment drives to fill up the backlog reserved vacancies in central establishments, thousands of the posts are still lying vacant. A total of 77,487 backlog vacancies were identified for a November 2008 drive of which 25,560 were for SCs, 28,542 for STs and 23,385 for OBCs. Though stipulated that all backlogs would be filled up by June, 2011, it was found a large number of vacancies still remained unfilled. Here it can be remarked that no politician elected either from reserved constituency or general constituency is bothered about these problems. If there were separate electorates, the representatives from them had to take care of such overdue implementation of policies meant for the weaker sections of society. When one thinks about the carelessness of persons concerned in the case of implementation of reservation policy, they can be easily reminded of the demands made by Ambedkar for separate electorates to bring about equality in the Indian society. Ambedkar asserts that to achieve economic and social aims unconstitutional ways like breaking the laws, non-cooperation and hunger strike should be avoided. He further says that to resort to these ways was justifiable in the past when there was no democracy, which is why it was not possible to make use of constitutional ways. But in the present period of time one cannot do that because such unconstitutional ways mean the general places of anarchy. Here one can opine that the ways and methods used by Anna Hazare to restrict corruption among the politicians in India do not fall in the category of constitutional ways. Consequently Anna Hazare has been a failure yet. However, on the other hand, Team Anna could have perhaps succeeded in their attempt if they had followed legal ways because such unconstitutional and coercive methods are always a menace to the existence of social democracy. Furthermore, many a people did not support the unconstitutional campaign of Anna Hazare because it did not consider all the aspects of the results of the resolution demanded by Team Anna. Hence there are certain sections of society who strongly opposed the campaign. Sukhadeo Thorat, a well known academician and thinker, has been critical of the methods used by the Team Anna. In his article entitled ‘Ambedlar`s way Anna Hazare`s methods’ published in The Hindu on August 23, 2011 Thorat gives vivid explanation as to the peaceful ways and methods resorted by Ambedkar to bring about social equality in the Indian society in the pre-independent India. Thorat states: â€Å"Dr. Ambedkar started the Mahad agitation in 1927, but the â€Å"untouchables† got access to the tank only in 1937 through a court order. The people of the high castes had managed a court order to ban the entry of â€Å"untouchables† into the tank on the grounds that it was a private tank. Dr. Ambedkar accepted the court order and discontinued a second march to the tank. But he fought through the courts and got justice in 1937, almost after 10 years. He did this using legal instruments and a peaceful mass movement, without the coercive means of fasts and hunger strikes. Similarly, the agitation for entry into the Kalaram temple went on for four years, from 1930 to 1934. He discontinued the agitation in 1934 following opposition by priests, notwithstanding the support extended by Gandhiji. But he fought a legal battle, along with a peaceful agitation, for the next four years, and in 1939 ultimately secured entry to the temple for â€Å"untouchables. † During the 1920s and 1930s, Dr. Ambedkar combined mass mobilization with legal methods in the anti-untouchability movement, but never allowed unconstitutional and coercive methods to take hold, despite instances of violent attack on â€Å"untouchables. † (8) In the past to attain humanity and equality for the enslaved masses, especially ex- untouchables in India Ambedkar attempted to find a number of ways. Conversion is one of them. When he noticed that entrenched and conservative Hindu society as a whole could not be reformed after all his possible and necessary attempts, he stopped to bring about revolutionary changes in it and was determined to convert to a religion based on humanitarian principles such as liberty, equality, brotherhood and justice. It can be said here that Hinduism is not an egalitarian religion. This point can be substantiated in the words of Owen M. Lynch, a professor of Anthropology: â€Å"They (so-called popular religions) thereby separate themselves from morality, as does Hinduism’s rejection of liberty, equality, and freedom, and its unjust treatment of Dalits through its practice of graded inequality. Contrariwise, Ambedkar’s rationalist Buddhism is a this-worldly social praxis, a morality rejecting all social barriers. For these reasons, as Johannes Beltz’s article shows, many Dalits today reject Hinduism and convert to Buddhism. † (The Mustard Seed: â€Å"iYa basta! † November 7, 2006) Ambedkar had already said that conversion would bring higher status to Dalits in the Hindu society. Since Hinduism has always deprived Dalits of all the human and honorable rights and opportunities, conversion from it has been a must for them. While expressing the greatness of Ambedkar`s thoughts, his relentless struggle to create an ideal society, and his contribution to modern India, Shashi Tharoor remarks in his article ‘Unparrallel legacy: Dr  Ambedkar’ published in the Times Of India 07 May 2007: â€Å"Ambedkar, who lived with the daily reality of caste discrimination, was not convinced that the entrenched practices of traditional Hinduism could ever disappear. In the end, he opted out of the religion altogether, embracing the ethics of equality that Buddhism embodied. † According to Ambedkar, conversion provides not just one fair and humanitarian principle but almost all the necessary principles for living a dignified human life. While explaining the great significance of conversion, Ambedkar, in a speech entitled ‘Why go for conversion? ’ advises his followers in the following manner: â€Å"I tell you all very specifically; religion is for man and not man for religion. To get human treatment, convert yourselves. CONVERT -For getting organized. CONVERT -For becoming strong. CONVERT -For securing equality. CONVERT -For getting liberty. CONVERT -For that your domestic life may be happy. † (Bhim Chakra 1996 published by Oil Natural Gas Corp. Ltd. Tripura project, Agartala. ) From this very quotation one can record that there is no possibility to abolish the evil practices observed by the caste Hindus at all. Although converted Dalits may not get complete solace from the miserable life in any religion, conversion has been the better way for them because so far there have not been any better and remarkable transformation in Hinduism as far as the inhuman and neglected existence of Dalits is concerned. Besides, the root cause of their suffering is rooted in Hinduism alone. That is why Ambedkar`s assertion for conversion can very reasonably substantiated even today. Although Ambedkar is from India and his thoughts about equality are concerned primarily with the evil and unequal practices in India, the human suffering communities in the entire world are seen to be taking resort to his thoughts and philosophy to uplift themselves. In Hungary there is a downtrodden community of Romas. In fact, the members of the Roma community have been looked down upon by other white citizens of Hungary for a very long time. But in the recent years the very members of the Roma community are found to take inspiration from the progressive thoughts of Ambedkar to get rid of the humiliation, inequality, and alienation. These Romas found a biographical book of Ambedkar and began to follow him like his Indian followers. In this connection P L Kodolikar writes: â€Å"They (the vanguard of the Romas) got a book in Paris based on Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar`s bright life. They got a direction from this book to bring about transformation in their life. These leaders wandered in Maharashtra in 2005 and 2007 and collected information of movements inspired by Dr. Ambedkar and established a network of organizations under the title of Jai Bheem in Hungary. They converted to Buddhism and opened three high schools after Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Sazokaza (in the northeast of Hungary). They contacted young activists in India. They requested young activists in Ambedkarite movement from time to time to guide them for their Jai Bheem organization. † (Translation Mine) (15/ 16) From the above quotation it can be remarked that even today Ambedkar`s progressive and humanitarian thoughts for social equality are very much useful and helpful to the downtrodden in the world. While writing about the noble and fair thoughts of Ambedkar one of the co-founders of the Dr. Ambedkar High School, Janos Orsos, a Hungarian gypsy, a Buddhist, and a follower of Dr. Ambedkar records that: â€Å"We have found that Dr   Ambedkars thinking fits well with our aims, so we have named our new school, Dr Ambedkar   High School. â€Å"I feel very pleased that I can speak in Europe about Dr Ambedkar. Nobody in Europe has heard for  him, so it is one of our major tasks to speak about him. It is very wonderful for me to see that my  actions find parallels in Dr Ambedkars activity and movement. We have found ourselves going through the same steps as our Indian friends, because these are the logical steps in our social situation. Our Indian Buddhist friends are able to take their own institutions in their own hands because they have their own hero. †Ã‚   Also, in these days Ambedkar`s birthday is celebrated not only in India but also in other countries of the world. In the neighboring country of Pakistan Ambedkar Jayanti was celebrated in April 2007. In this regard Reporter Surendar Valasai writes: â€Å"For the first time in Pakistan’s history, the 116th Birthday of Baba Saheb Dr B. R. Ambedkar was celebrated in three different cities of Pakistan and attended by thousands of people. † Here one can notice that Ambedlar is being recognized in the contemporary period across the world, though slowly, because his thoughts in relation to social equality are equally relevant to the downtrodden in other countries. Today one may witness that there have been certain important changes in the lives of the victims of the system in India. However, they will find a millions of downtrodden citizens living a dehumanized life because the system has not been yet completely changed and dismantled. Here, it can be stated that a sea change can be brought about in the pathetic condition of the downtrodden if the rulers and true well wishers of the residents of not only India but also of the world make sincere attempts to follow Ambedkar. Taking into consideration the egalitarian and noble thoughts of Ambedkar one can draw conclusion that even today he is not only relevant in India but in the entire world and its suffering community for establishing an egalitarian society.

Your Identity Has Been Confirmed Essays - Identity,

Your Identity Has Been Confirmed Furney 1 Russell Furney Dr. Clayton English 111, Section 2 November 12, 1998 Your Identity Has Been Confirmed Nell Bernstein is the author of Goin' Gangsta, Choosin' Cholita: Claiming Identity, an essay describing how the youth in certain parts of the country are choosing their preferred identity rather than accepting their own. For example, in Bernstein's essay a girl named April, living in California, wants to be Mexican; therefore, she dresses like and attempts to talk in the same accent as a true Mexican, even though she is Anglo. The essay also specifically talks about the state of California, where all this identity changing is happening due to the great diversity of race there. Bernstein claims that this is a positive situation when a youths choose an identity other than their own, actual one. Whatever makes them feel better or boosts their self-esteem is okay, I guess? But they still have to face the facts; they can not change their identity. I do not know what dictionary Bernstein is reading, but the definition of identity does not include the word appearance. Identity is who a person is, not who they appear to be. April can appear to be Mexican if that is what she likes, but the fact is that she is still and always will be Anglo. The idea of people trying to change their identity just strikes me with stupidity. It is God's decision as to what color, nationality or such a person will be, and I believe He has a purpose for everything; therefore, each person should respect His decision with acceptance and serve Him well under the identity chosen for them. The biggest mistake of this essay is the misuse of the word identity. Bernstein claims that, Identity is not a matter of where you come from, what you were born into, what color your skin is, but rather, It's what you wear, the music you listen to, the words you use... (45). This is all wrong! Identity is exactly what she thinks it is not. The color of one's skin describes their race. That is one piece of their identity. Where they come from is their nationality. That is another piece. What they were born into, such as family, beliefs, religion etc...., is their culture, Furney 2 which is yet another piece. All these pieces together describes who a person is. Clothes, music, and accent only describe who a person appears to be. April, who is in fact Anglo and should be proud of it, dresses like a Mexican because she thinks this will make her Mexican, but it will not. Frankly, if I were Mexican and April came to me in her imitation Mexican costume trying to speak Spanish to me even though the only thing she probably knows in Spanish is, Yo Queiro Taco Bell, it would annoy the hell out of me. If someone wants to dress, talk, act or do whatever it takes to appear to be another race or nationality other than their own, that is their choice, but the idea of it is beyond ridiculous. I despise it and can not stand to watch people who are attempting to be someone they are not. It is so easy to tell the imitations from the true name brand. This is what is so annoying. Goin' Gangsta, Choosin' Cholita: Claiming Identity is a terribly misleading essay. Nell Bernstien provides true facts about California and its cross-identifying situation, but she has poor judgment in saying that there are positive outcomes when the youths choose their own identity. The negative effect is a person trying to hide their original identity because they are not happy with who they really are, but in contrast cause themselves embarrassment when trying to act out their ideal personality when it is so easy for outsiders to detect the cover-up. Making matters worse, people trying to cover up do not know that what they are doing is ridiculous because people like Bernstien encourage the idea, but the whole idea is just idiotic because they can not change their identity. It has already been chosen for them. Social Issues

Contemporary essays

Contemporary essays It is a very exciting time to be involved in art. The contemporary art world has exploded into a cacophony of anything-goes themes and ideas. This provides problems for standards and conventional schools of wisdom, but at the same time, it results in a more stimulating and enriching artistic climate. As much as can be said against contemporary art, one has to admit that the relinquishing of old standards has been beneficial to the artist and the art viewer. What is really interesting is that now, as the Whitney Biennial shows us, works that would have been previously dismissed as too traditional are again being taken seriously because they are no longer a hierarchical standard, rather they are just another choice that the artist has in his repertoire. To abandon tradition temporarily in order to induce change is obviously necessary. But to permanently refuse to accept work that seems similar to a traditional style is blind and contrived. So it is refreshing to see this change in the new world of art. The fact that currently you can see a realistic oil on canvas in the same exhibition as a video installation is an uplifting reality. The playing field is truly open, well at least more open then it ever has been. As a young artist it is extremely overwhelming and extremely exciting to be in an art world that more then ever seems to be steering towards anarchy. One of the current themes in contemporary art is that of the psychedelic palette. The psychedelic theme frequently extends beyond the use of color. Fred Thomasellis work is a good example of more literal or direct referencing of psychedelic materials. What interests me is the work that responds, in a nostalgic way, to the extreme color relationships of the psychedelic era as opposed to work that conceptually responds to psychedelia. One of my favorite example of this nostalgic color is in the painted installation assume vivid astro focus ...

Cute and Funny Baby Quotes for Every Occasion

Cute and Funny Baby Quotes for Every Occasion Like it or not, babies have a hold on your life like nothing else. They can send you into a tizzy with their incessant bawling, or they can tug at your heartstrings with their soft cooing. A baby can make you forget your worries, or add to them they so desire. However, you cant help falling in love with your baby, notwithstanding the smelly diapers. Here are some baby quotes to bring all those beautiful feelings flooding back. Funny Baby Quotes Henry RobinEvery baby needs a lap.Barbara Lazear AscherThe hot, moist smell of babies fresh from naps.Ruth Bell GrahamAs a mother, my job is to take care of what is possible and trust God with the impossible.Susan SarandonChildren reinvent your world for you.Charles DickensIt is a pleasant thing to reflect upon, and furnishes a complete answer to those who contend for the gradual degeneration of the human species, that every baby born into the world is a finer one than the last.Queen VictoriaAn ugly baby is a very nasty object, and the prettiest is frightful when undressed.Hal BoyleDoes Grandpa love to baby-sit his grandchildren? Are you kidding? By day, he is too busy taking hormone shots at the doctors or chip shots on the golf course. At night, he and Grandma are too busy doing the cha-cha.Mark TwainAdam and Eve had many advantages, but the principal one was that they escaped teething.Ed HoweFamilies with babies and families without babies are sorry for each other.John WilmotBefor e I got married I had six theories about bringing up children; now I have six children and no theories. Martin H. FischerGods interest in the human race is nowhere better evinced than in obstetrics.Barbara Kingsolver, Animal DreamsIt kills you to see them grow up. But I guess it would kill you quicker if they didnt.P. J. ORourkeGetting down on all fours and imitating a rhinoceros stops babies from crying. (Put an empty cigarette pack on your nose for a horn and make loud snort noises.) I dont know why parents dont do this more often. Usually it makes the kid laugh. Sometimes it sends him into shock. Either way it quiets him down. If youre a parent, acting like a rhino has another advantage. Keep it up until the kid is a teenager and he definitely wont have his friends hanging around your house all the time.H. Jackson Brown, Jr.Always kiss your children goodnight- even if theyre already asleep.Loretta LynnI didnt know how babies were made until I was pregnant with my fourth child.

Controversy Analysis, fracking, air pollution, gasland, Essay

Controversy Analysis, fracking, air pollution, gasland, - Essay Example Moreover, due to the harm and damage to the environment that fracking implies, it will be the recommendation of this author that fracking should ultimately be suspended until a means of resource extraction that is not so horrifically damaging to the environment is found. Fracking itself is a process whereby a fluid is injected below the surface layer of rock and sediment to pressurize underlying regions of rocks to create fissures within these layers so that the trapped reserves of petroleum or natural gas may find their way into pockets and thereby be extracted via conventional means (Rijke 14). As was discussed in Gasland, due to the fact that drilling a new well in order to tap pockets of resources is inefficient and harmful to the environment, many resource extraction experts have turned to fracking as a quick way to help consolidate a regions gas/petroleum resources and make these amenable to fast and rather painless extraction process. The process itself does however have its u nique drawbacks (Clean Air and Natural Gas 1). These unique drawbacks will of course be related in further detail the proceeding sections of this analysis. One of the main drawbacks to fracking, that was referenced in Gasland is of course the environmental effects that fracking entails. Although there is a high level of disagreement on the actual environmental damage that fracking causes, it can be understood that regardless of one’s particular view of the situation fracking has the potential to unleash any one of a host of negative environmental externalities (Adgate 81) Some of these include: improper disposal of waste water, overall integrity of pipeline system and risk of blowouts due to over pressure, affects of having fluid water pervade multiple layers of subsurface rock and sediment and thereby diffuse through these contaminating hitherto untouched samples with key elements and contaminants from the other subsurface sedimentary layers, and the long-term effects to hea lth and safety of the drinking water supply as a result of the process itself (Weinhold 278). Because this process itself is extraordinarily damaging to the local environment, a number of opponents, this author included, have raised their voice with regards to seeking to suspend the process indefinitely (The Case for a Ban on Fracking 1). This understanding is not a matter of a convenient level of agreement with the documentary film Gasland; rather it is understood in this particular manner due to the host of negative implications that it entails for the environment as well as the health of the people affected by it. Due to the issues that have been listed above in this analysis as well as the fact that so little is still known regarding the long term results that fracking necessarily entails, it is in the best interest of all involved to seek to bring such a practice to a premature end as a means of salvaging what is left of our tender environment and ecosystems (Porter 1). As such , the reader can quickly infer that the process of fracking likely entails

Managing small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Managing small business - Essay Example Mama Mancini’s is a small, family run business. It was started way back in 1913 when Arturo Mancini set up an Italian restaurant in downtown Chicago, serving genuine home made sauces. Over the years, the popularity of the restaurant’s Italian sauces encouraged Bruno, the third generation Mancini, to start up a separate business in the manufacture of sauces. Although this is a small family owned business, in the past five years the popularity of their sauces has spread and they have expanded their operations in the greater Chicago area, with their sales doubling over a five year period. Whereas the business was running at a loss five years ago, the break even point was reached during the third year. The company’s financial statement may be summarized as follows: The success of this small family owned business is largely due to good planning, the quality of their product and the identification of the niche market. To a great extent, the vision and planning of the owner Bruno Mancini has contributed to its success. This Paper focuses on the dynamics of owner-owned enterprises and the case of Mama Mancini’s was chosen because it is a typical example of a successful, family owned small business, which are cropping up in increasing numbers all over the world. What classifies Mama Mancini’s as a family owned business? A family owned business is classified as such when family members own and operate the operations of the business. While researchers have put forth many definitions of family owned small businesses, there is general agreement that family involvement in ownership and management classifies the enterprise as a family owned business (Handler, 1989). Small business form an important part of the American economy and studies have identified 75% of all businesses in the United States as being are family owned enterprises (Greenwald, 1993). Other relevant studies have shown that family

Personality Impact Paper Essay Example for Free

Personality Impact Paper Essay In order for managers and employees to effectively get along in the workplace they must first learn how to understand and appreciate one another. The Journal of Adlerian Theory published an article discussing the various personalities’ styles in the workplace. The report states that being able to recognize characters from in workers and managers is important for those who lead or manage as others as well as for those who consult or treat workers and leaders (page 2). The purpose of this paper is to summarize Exhibit 2. 5, 2.6, and 2.7 assessments, it will also summarize my primary personality aspects, cognitive abilities that I can apply to my workplace, and mitigate any shortcomings. Exhibit 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 Exhibit 2.5 is an assessment that measures the extraversion or positive affectivity of a person. According to the text a person, which is positively effective, is predisposed to experience positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and the world around them (page 43). People, who are extroverted, tend to be more sociable and affectionate towards others. Exhibit 2.6 is to measure the neuroticism or negative affectivity. Negative affectivity in the textbook is defined as people tendencies to experience negative emotional states, feel distressed, and view themselves and the world around them negatively (page 44). This is the exact opposite at positive affectivity. People, who have high neuroticism, are more likely to experience more stress over time and often have negative moods at work/ home. Exhibit 2.7 is a measure of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experiences. The textbook explains agreeableness as individuals who get along well with other people and those who do not (page 45). People, who are agreeable, are very likable, care for others, and tend to be affectionate. A person, who is conscientiousness, is careful, scrupulous, and persevering (page 45). People, who score high in the area, are found to  be very tidy and organized, as well as self-disciplined. People, who are open to experiences, have broad interests and are willing to take risks (page 46). Summary of My Testing Results In Exhibit 2.5 I scored high on positive affectivity. and answered all of the questions with true. This result would show that I am a happy person and views my work and the world around myself positively. My results of Exhibit 2.6 indicate a low level of negative affectivity. I means that sometimes he feels tense all day because of the challenges he has ahead of myself at work and also gets nervous from time to time. This would again reaffirm the results of Exhibit 2.5 which I have a positive outlook on life. The results of Exhibit 2.7 proved what I was already aware of. I tends to be an agreeable person who is open to experiences. I scored the lowest on conscientiousness, implying that is can be somewhat careless. I have a strong personality and a lot of good characteristics to offer as a leader. I did very charismatic and pragmatic. As a leader, this would be necessary in times of boosting morale and encouraging others around myself. my view on things from a positive light as well and tends to be open-minded. Cognitively I am numerically conscious, is also able to use reasoning, deductive abilities, and is perceptual. I scored the lowest on conscientiousness, which as a leader could mean that he is willing to take more risks. Conclusion The purpose of this paper was to summarize Exhibit 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 assessments, define My primary personality aspects, cognitive abilities that he can apply to the workplace, and mitigate any shortcomings. People all over the world tend to operate based on feelings and innate habits they learned from their surroundings. Having a clear understanding of these feelings and how it drives our individual personalities can create successful business relationships. References Jennifer M. George, Garth R. Jones (2012). Understanding and Managing Organized Behavior. 6th Edition. Published by Prentice Hall Sperry, Len (1995). Individual Psychology. Personality Styles in the Workplace, Volume 51 (Issue 4), pages 422.

America’s Assistance to the Tibetans Essay -- Argumentative History Ti

America’s Assistance to the Tibetans Starting in the late 1940s, with Cold War tensions running high and the subsequent Communist takeover of China as well as the outbreak of the Korean War, there was a growing fear in the United States of the possibility of a global conflict between the Communist bloc and the West. Thus, the US government adopted a policy of doing its best to contain Communism around the world, especially in Asia after the formation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). When the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) invaded Tibet in 1950, the US considered it possible or even probable that the PRC would use Tibet as a launching pad to expand Communism into the rest of South and Southeast Asia, an early appearance of what was later famously called the â€Å"domino theory† during the Vietnam War. In line with our newly stated and evolving policy committing the United States to a â€Å"global containment† of Communism short of actual war, when a spontaneous Tibetan resistance mo vement arose in Tibet, we decided it to be in our national interest to covertly aid this movement through the training of Tibetan fighters and airdrops of arms and supplies to them. Although the US did provide direct and extensive assistance to the Tibetans for several years we eventually ended the program. I believe that if we truly had wanted to follow through on our application of the containment policy, we would have done more to aid the Tibetan resistance. Ultimately, the US looked to what it deemed to be its own self-interest in forging ahead with a plan of rapprochement with the PRC and abandoned the Tibetan resistance fighters when they most needed our help. I will elucidate how our policy regarding the resistance movement evolved from th... ... Department, the CIA, and the Tibetan Resistance.† Ebsco, 2003.: 54-79 Knaus, John Kenneth. Orphans of the Cold War: American and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival. New York: Public Affairs, 1999. Liu, Melinda, Tony Clifton, Patricia Roberts, and Thomas Laird. Newsweek 134.7 (1999): 2 p Norbu, Dawa. China’s Tibet Policy. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Curzon, 2001. Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. Tibetan Young Buddhist Association. Tibet: The Facts. Dharamsala: Tibetan Young Buddhist Association, 1990. Roberts, John B. II. â€Å"The Secret War Over Tibet.† American Spectator 30.12 (1997): 7p Xu, Guangqiu. â€Å"The United States and the Tibet Issue.† Asian Survey 37.11 (1997): 1062-1077.

Impact of M-Commerce in Job Market

The advent of wireless and mobile technology has created both new opportunities and new challenges for the business community. In its present state, M-Commerce can be viewed as an extension of conventional, Internet-based E-Commerce, which adds a different mode of network and accommodates different end users’ characteristics. However, if the predictions stating that mobile and wireless computing will dominate the Internet industry in the future materialize, the E-Commerce and M-Commerce could become a singular blended entity. M-Commerce, as defined by Muller and Veerse, stands for conducting commercial transactions via a â€Å"mobile† telecommunications network using a communication, information, and payment (CIP) device such as a mobile phone or a palmtop unit. In a broader sense, M-Commerce can simply be defined as exchanging products, ideas and services between mobile users and providers. This paper will also give an overview of the characteristics of M-Commerce. We discuss the basic characteristics of M-Commerce that have the potential to influence the basic marketing orientation of both sellers and buyers, and, above all, alter the general dynamics of the market. There are many definitions of m-commerce with differing emphases. Keen and Mackintosh define m-commerce as the extension of electronic commerce from wired to wireless computers and telecommunications, and from fixed locations to anytime, anywhere, and anyone. when something is mobile it means that its primary usage environment is a mobile one. On the other hand, mobility in itself and mobile technology is not necessarily a value; the freedom created and supported with the technology is the key issue. Durlacher define m-commerce as â€Å"any transaction with a monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network†. The focus in this definition lies on the exchange of products and services that is associated with a monetary value. They specifically list any kind of service that can be provided by the mobile device, thus expanding the mere commercial character through communicative and informative services. A mobile device is a small smart device. It can be a mobile phone, a communicator or a PDA. It communicates and transfers data (convenience). It is used only by its owner (personalization). It can provide information anytime, anywhere (ubiquity). Capturing the concept of mobility, a user can be contacted anywhere (reachability). A mobile device can provide users? locations (localization). Knowledge of users? precise geographical location allows customized, relevant content to be delivered to them when and where they need it. It can also be used to connect to the Internet (instant connectivity). Ubiquitous interactivity (figure 1) is what makes mobile devices unique. Wireless devices enable users to send, receive, and act on information in real-time, independent of their location. The western mobile and remote workforce is growing, driven by both business necessity and technological innovation. One explanation for increased work mobility is the emergence of service industry as a dominating occupation in the post-industrial society. Service work is often performed, where the customer is, and thus making many services mobile. It is not like manufacturing work; which takes place where the machinery is located. Another factor is the increased cooperation in and between organizations. Some forms of cooperation can take place remotely, but people still need to meet physically. A third important factor for increased mobility is the extensive adoption of mobile technologies. Mobile technologies enable people to be mobile and yet accessible. As people have become accessible independent of place, new ways of working have emerged in many organizations. To describe the mobile worker, new concepts have been coined. Mobile commerce may impact both mobile workers and their enterprises in the following dimensions. Location: The post-industrial workers work at various locations: in their office, at clients? office, at colleagues? office, in the train, hotel rooms, etc. We can thus imagine that during this extensive geographical movement, mobile workers are often away form the â€Å"benevolent dictator†, their desktop computers, which contain most of the information they need and impose rigid constraints on how and where they can be used. With m-commerce the user is put in the centre of information and communication. Information comes to the user instead of the user looking for it. This makes mobile workers able to receive actionable and useful information on demand at the moment of relevance and regardless of their location and extensive movement. Sales reps are examples of workers who are constantly on the road while their effectiveness depends to a large extent on their ability to have immediate access to account information, current prices, order status and market conditions. The importance of immediate access to information by salespeople is well recognized in the personnel selling literature. Salespeople? effectiveness can be enhanced by providing them with market research information and encouraging them to unitize information. With vast amount of relevant information about client’s orders, roduct’s profitability, promotions at their fingertips regardless of their locations, sales reps can adjust their call schedule to adequately target those customers with the highest potential at the right time. Additionally, receiving time-sensitive alerts about customers? latest orders, industry indicators and competitors? actions, may enable sales reps to tailor their sales messages to a specific customer, adapt to opportunities that arise during the sale call and overcome objections. Indeed, many empirical studies find a strong effect of adaptive selling on salesperson performance. Furthermore, M-commerce can enable mobile workers to use more efficiently their dead time. This time generally occurs between tasks and between meetings, in which workers usually have little control over the resources available to them. For instance, pharmaceutical sales reps often visit doctors to provide them with information on what is available as order brochures on products in which the doctor is interested. Frequently the doctor is not available and the representative wants to find a nearby alternative contact. If there is no alternative contact to visit, then the time for waiting for the doctor to become available may turn to be dead time for the sales representative. With m-commerce, the sales reps can turn this dead time into a productive one by performing non-selling tasks such as completing and sending expense reports to their company, preparing invoices or writing and sending thanks letters to customers. These reduce the time that sales reps have to spend in the office to perform routine tasks and thus allow them to spend more time selling. Indeed, McGraw Hill’s study of 239 salespeople across 198 different companies reveals that salespeople spend on the average about 25% of their time waiting for interviews with clients and travelling. Using dead time more efficiently may occur in a variety of locations (i. e. trains, airports, airplanes, hotels rooms, office buildings, etc). Additionally, mobile workers spend considerable portion of their time on the road, Awareness of their geographical position by the network can allow relevant support and alerts be sent to theme. Examples of such alerts are â€Å"there is a traffic jam two kilometers ahead, use the alternative highway†, â€Å"there is a restaurant offering 10% discount in avenue X â€Å", I have a breakdown, in nowhere, send me a tow truck†, †your client X is in the avenue ahead to you †. Interaction: Asynchronous communications enabled by emails has made co-workers interactions with others more flexible. However, asynchronous communication inevitably creates time lag. Until a receiver of an email actually goes to his computer and read the email, the communication does not come into effect in practice. Moreover, email communication requires a computer and software, which are mostly fixed to a certain location such as an office and home. M-commerce may enhance interaction among distributed workers and others by enabling them to have access to corporate resources, send and receive emails regardless of their location. For instance journalists on the move are often faced with situations in which they have to report events on topics on which they are not fully profound with. Also reporting is often conducted away from editorial staff and radio TV / station’s resources. In such a case M-commerce can provide support to journalists by enabling them, irrespective of their locations, to connect to their TV/Radio station’s intranet. The system can then provide them with the list of resources available on the topic they want to cover together with contact details of colleague who have expertise in such topics. The journalists can then either use the available resources to get an understanding of the topic or elect to contact their colleagues for more interaction. Additionally, ubiquitous access to e-mails and corporate data by mobile workers may enable them to make themselves readily available to address customer problems and questions. Reducing the time it takes to deal with a client’s concern or difficulty may have a positive impact on customer orientation, the degree to which the seller is perceived by the buyer to put customer’s need first. Indeed, customer orientation is a key enabler of buyer-seller relationship developments. Operations: we are witnessing the emergence of new forms of organization, in particular virtual Corporations. Virtual corporations could not exist without an effective information exchange and efficient coordination of the members. This applies also to other management initiatives such as project team or task force. But it is sometimes challenging for corporations to ensure fast coordination among co-workers while they are on the move even if they introduced Internet technologies such as email in their work practices. M-commerce can act as the â€Å"glue† among distributed members, by connecting them more tightly regardless of their locations. This may for instance make it possible for marketing managers to use real time data flowing from the field to evaluate the results of promotions and new product introductions more rapidly and communicate their reactions (i. e. promotions) to the field force. Manufacturing may also use real time field information to reduce overproduction and the incidence of stale products. Additionally, Top executives often need information on market and competitors issues before they make big decisions. Real time information flowing from the field would enable executives to make decisions based on accurate information, which may enhance the quality of their decisions. Indeed the best source for top executives with regard to both market and competition watch is the field force. Conclusion Thus we have discussed about M-Commerce and the challenges that they impose on workers while on the move. We have also explored how m-commerce with its unique attributes can provide mobile workers with more freedom and support through minimizing non-productive time, enhancing interaction with other members and improving the quality of decisions. It is worth mentioning that m-commerce may result in some consequences that workers may not welcome. Perhaps the most immediate drawback of extensive use of mobile technologies by workers is the problem of â€Å"interaction overload†. Anytime and anywhere connectivity may becomes everywhere/all-the-time connectivity; which may result in the danger of users becoming â€Å"too connected†. But in the other hand, access to information at the point of relevance may make it possible for mobile worker to work smarter and to minimize their unproductive time, which may enhance their life / work balance.

Research paper on dollar vs rupee

This paper is conceptual study based on Indian Rupee Fluctuation VS. Dollar ND relationship in terms of Rupee appreciation that is dollar depreciation and rupee depreciation that is dollar appreciation. It provides valuable insights into impact of changes in currency relations on various sectors of economy keeping in focus economy in general and Indian economy in particular. Pros and Cons of currency appreciation and depreciation are studied as boon and bane for the economic growth. Keywords: Appreciation, Rupee Fluctuation, Depreciation, Rupee-Dollar.Induction The rupee has depreciated by more than 18 percent since May 2011, moreover with The rupee breaching the 53 dollar mark, profit margins of nannies that import commodities or components would come under severe pressure, which could result in price increases for the consumer. The rupee depreciation will particularly hit the industrial sector and put higher pressure on their costs as items like oil, imported coal, metals and miner als, imported industrial intermediate products all are getting affected.Although the prices of most of the imported commodities have fallen, the depreciating rupee has meant that the importer gets no respite as they need to pay more to purchase the same quantity of raw materials. The depreciating rupee loud keep the price of imported commodities elevated. Thus the industrial sector is bound to get adversely hit the appreciating rupee is posing a unique set of challenges for the Indian economy. The impact would not be limited to macro economy alone but it will also affect down to the level of firms under various sections of economy.This is conceptual study based on Rupee Dollar relationship in terms of Rupee appreciation that is dollar depreciation and rupee depreciation that is dollar appreciation. OBJECTIVES This is conceptual study based on Rupee Dollar relationship in terms of Rupee appreciation that is dollar depreciation and rupee depreciation that is dollar appreciation. It pr ovides valuable insights into impact of changes in currency relations on various sectors of economy keeping in focus economy in general and Indian economy in particular.Pros and Cons of currency appreciation and depreciation are studied as boon and bane for the economic growth. It also provides suggestions or steps needed to control as well as to overcome leftists of excessive fluctuations between rupee and dollar keeping in view current trends. Related Literature Ever since the advent of the ARCH model by Engle (1982), research on the remission mechanism of volatility between various segments of the financial market has been fast advancing. The application of ARCH and its generalized form, I. E. GARTH has advanced rapidly in examining volatility transmission among stock markets. Studies on volatility transmission based on low-frequency foreign exchange data are, however, relatively sparse. The initial application of GARTH model to the foreign exchange market could be traced back to the works of Dibbled and Nerves (1989). They employed a vector autoregressive (VARY) model as a basis for the variance decomposition f forecast error variances in order to measure the magnitude of return and volatility spillovers in the foreign exchange market.

Strangers, God and monsters

Strangers, God and monsters Strangers, gods and monsters represent experiences of extremity which bring us to the edge. They subvert our established categories and challenge us to think again. And because they threaten the known with the unknown, they are often set apart in fear and trembling. Exiled to hell or heaven; or simply ostracized from the human community into a land of aliens.The figure of the 'stranger' - ranging from the ancient notion of 'foreigner' (xenos) to the contemporary category of alien invader - frequently operates as a limit-experience for humans trying to identify themselves over and against others. Greeks had their 'barbarians', Romans their Etruscans, Europeans their exotic overseas 'savages'. The western myth of the frontier epitomizes this, for example, when Pilgrim encounters Pequot on the shores of Massachusetts and asks 'Who is this stranger?' Not realizing, of course, that the native Pequot is asking exactly the same question of the arrivals from Plymouth.Creativeskills.be - Numb er of jobs per monthStrangers are almost always other to each other.'Monsters' also signal borderline experiences of uncontainable excess, reminding the ego that it is never wholly sovereign. Many great myths and tales bear witness to this. Oedipus and the Sphinx. Theseus and the Minotaur. Job and Leviathan. Saint George and the Dragon. Beowulf and Grendel. Ahab and the Whale. Lucy and the Vampire. Ripley and the Alien. Each monster narrative recalls that the self is never secure in itself. 'There are monsters on the prowl', as Michel Foucault writes, 'whose form changes with the history of knowledge'. 1 For as our ideas of self-identity alter so do our ideas of what menaces this identity. Liminal creatures of the unknown shift and slide, change masks. We are of the earth, they whisper, autochthonous. We are carriers of the mark of Cain, hobbled by the Achilles heel of a primal unconscious.

Niels Bohr and the Manhattan Project

Niels Bohr and the Manhattan Project Danish physicist, Niels Bohr won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of his work on the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics. He was part of the group of scientists that invented the atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan Project. He worked on the Manhattan Project under the assumed name of Nicholas Baker for security reasons. Model of Atomic Structure Niels Bohr published his model of atomic structure in 1913. His theory was the first to present: that electrons traveled in orbits around the atoms nucleusthat the chemical properties of the element was largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbitsthat an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, emitting a photon (light quantum) of discrete energy Niels Bohr model of atomic structure became the basis for all future quantum theories. Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr In 1941, German scientist Werner Heisenberg made a secret and dangerous trip to Denmark to visit his former mentor, physicist Niels Bohr. The two friends had once worked together to split the atom until World War II divided them. Werner Heisenberg worked on a German project to develop atomic weapons, while Niels Bohr worked on the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic bomb. Biography 1885 - 1962 Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 7, 1885. His father was Christian Bohr, Professor of Physiology at Copenhagen University, and his mother was Ellen Bohr. Niels Bohr Education In 1903, he entered Copenhagen University to study physics. He received his Masters degree in Physics in 1909 and his Doctors degree in 1911. While still a student he was awarded a gold medal from the Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, for his experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface tension by means of oscillating fluid jets. Professional Work Awards As a post-doctoral student, Niels Bohr worked under J. J. Thomson at Trinity College, Cambridge and studied under Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester, England. Inspired by Rutherfords theories of atomic structure, Bohr published his revolutionary model of atomic structure in 1913. In 1916, Niels Bohr became a professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen. In 1920, he was named director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University. In 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics ​for recognition of his work on the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics. In 1926, Bohr became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and received the Royal Society Copley Medal in 1938. The Manhattan Project During World War II, Niels Bohr fled Copenhagen to escape Nazis prosecution under Hitler. He traveled to Los Alamos, New Mexico to work as a consultant for the Manhattan Project. After the war, he returned to Denmark. He became an advocate for the peaceful use of nuclear power.

Contemporary issues portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary issues portfolio - Essay Example For instance, Nokia Corporation has established its global position within the mobile market. The organisation is well-known for its exceptional deliverance of telecommunication and networking services across the different regions of the world paying due attention towards the business environment of the particular region along with its corporate cultural features. The organisation practices an effective as well as flexible decision making and operational process which considerably focuses on product innovation and technological advancements of its range of electronic devices (Henten & et. al., 2004). The report hereby intends to briefly discuss the business environment and corporate culture of Nokia in the global cellular market. The discussion henceforth will be focused on highlighting the business environment through the appropriate identification of the internal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company in the global mobile technology market. Moreover, the re port will further include the role and significance of business environment and corporate culture practiced by Nokia paying due consideration towards its challenges in the global market. Relevance of Environment and Corporate Cultures in Nokia External Business Environment Business environment, in the 21st century context, principally consists of four major dimensions such as political, economic, social as well as technological factors which can be grouped through the implementation of a PEST analysis model (Lorat, 2009). Political Environment Political factors are often observed to have a major bearing upon a business organisation to efficiently coordinate its number of vital operations. These factors can create positive impacts upon an organisation’s business in terms of making its operations smoother; however, political disturbances and imbalances, as well as unsympathetic governmental regulations can also create obstructions for a business to operate efficiently within a nation (Macmillan Publishers Limited, n.d.). Contextually, the political factors identifiable in the external business environment of Nokia are regarded as quite vital as the company focuses on practicing flexible policies in its global business operations. In order to efficiently operate its business operations, the organisation significantly involves obtaining effective supports from the public sector through rapid and flexible change adoption within its operational processes (Blomstrm & et. al., 2002). Economic Environment This particular dimension encompasses the type of economic movement which constitute the livelihood of the people, wealth sources as well as the degree of the country’s industrialisation (Chernev & Kotler, 2008). Observing the international strategic practices of the company, the business strategy of Nokia significantly complies with the economic environment and stability of the country where the organisation attempts to operate its business practices. F urthermore, the organisation renders due significance towards the income level and economic conditions of the customer segments, with the sole intention to address customer demands effectively through needful innovation and

Informal interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Informal interview - Research Paper Example Other things are providing enough training to employees for the work they do, ensuring friendly atmosphere, ensuring adequate recreation, making the employees feel trusted by giving them decision making power, rewarding in group avoiding discrimination, regular meetings, and most importantly no favoritism in the organization discoursing backdoor tactics. The Details of the Interview Interviewer : How long have you been on this job, Mr. Ralph? Mr. Ralph : Well, I have been in the company for ten years now. Interviewer : Could you please tell me what the job of an HR Professional involves? Mr. Ralph : Broadly speaking, it is about proper staffing and proper employee relations. Interviewer : Fine. Would you explain the responsibilities assigned to an HR Professional in common? Mr. Ralph : Sure, the most common ones are coordinating the hiring process of new recruits, arranging orientation for new employees, developing and explaining HR policies, answering the queries of employees, perfo rmance consulting, ensuring safety at workplace, maintaining employee relations and so on. In fact, the list is too long. Interviewer : That is a fairly good explanation MR. Ralph. Actually, what is the qualification required to apply for a post in HR, say, in your company? Mr. Ralph : Well, the minimum qualification, as I generally observe, is a Bachelors Degree in Human Resource Management and certainly, work experience makes one more effective in the job. Interviewer : Fine, what qualities, in your opinion, makes a person a successful HR Professional? Mr. Ralph : I think, the very first quality required for this job is good communication skills. In addition, the person should possess good public speaking skills and writing skills. Good analytical and problem-solving skills are vital for the profession. Interviewer : Could you please explain the secret behind a successful new employee orientation program? Mr. Ralph : Sure, it starts with a welcome letter to the selected candidates . You know, it makes them feel welcomed. Then the orientation starts with giving the new employees a detailed description of the company’s procedures, history, target and work rules in the very beginning. The orientation is a one week procedure in which employees get familiar with the whole organization and the expected role they have to play. Interviewer : Well, Mr. Ralph, How do you make a new employee feel at ease? Mr. Ralph : It is very important to provide the new recruits enough time to become familiar with the organization, chances for open interaction and discussion in the beginning, clearing fears and doubts, encouraging friendship and providing respect. Interviewer : What advice would you give to someone who is going to become an HR Professional? Mr. Ralph : All employees are human beings. This is the basic thing all HR people should remember. Interviewer : Thank you Mr. Ralph for sharing your knowledge with me. The opinion that HR is mainly aimed at the welfare of the employees is shared by Jackson and Mathis (12) who opine the role of HR is to act as an advocate for the employees ignoring the success of the business to satisfy the needs of the employees. However, there are issues to be taken care of while handling employee issues. First of all, as Dessler and Varkkey (582) point out, it is necessary for managers to be familiar state and local statutes while handling em

Construction management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction management - Essay Example 324). The Site Waste Management Plan regulations were introduced in the United Kingdom and particularly in England (legislation.gov.uk, 2008), due to the huge amounts of construction wastes that were abandoned at construction sites. According to the SWMP regulations, all construction projects in England with a value of  £300,000 must have a Site Waste Management Plan (Gov.uk, 9 January 2013). The regulations were passed in February 2008; however, they came into full force in April 2008. Therefore, â€Å"the regulations do not apply to any project planned before 6 April, if construction work commenced before 1 July 2008†¦apply to all projects with a value of  £300,000 or more,....additional...requirements for projects with a value of  £500,000 or more† (Hughes and Ferrett, 2011, p. 640). Through the Site Waste Management Plan regulations, a plan for managing the disposal of waste during the whole of a construction project is provided (Wrap, 2013). Using information based on the design of a building at the preconstruction stage, estimated quantities of waste that a site can produce are identified using the Site Waste Management Plan. Consequently, the best decisions on the most economical ways to manage construction waste are also identified. Therefore, the reason behind the introduction of the Site Waste Management Plan regulations 2008, â€Å"is to ensure that the element of waste generation is thought about right from the design and specification stage and facilitate the selection of the construction methods and materials that would effectively minimise waste generation† (Chartered Institute of Building , 2010, p. 199). Other objectives of the Site Waste Management plans 2008 are also to boost the amount of construction waste that is found, reused, and recycled, and improve the efficiency of construction materials. Prevention of illegal waste action is another objective of the

Without Her by Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Without Her by Dante Gabriel Rossetti ‘Without Her’ Dante Gabriel Rossetti Formed in 1848, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood consisted of a group of young artists who wished to throw off the conventions of the art establishment and found a new movement that took its inspiration from the more ‘primitive‘ art of the medieval and early Renaissance period. Dante Gabriel Rossetti was one of the founding members of the group and acted as an energising force to the other artists. Rossetti himself, though, was never exclusively devoted to painting. Dividing his time between painting and poetry, he was in part responsible for the group’s use of literary subjects and symbols in their work as well as for the printing of the group‘s short-lived literary journal, The Germ. A significant number of his poems were written to supplement painted subjects and his philosophical ideas about painting were also argued in his poems. Following the death of his wife, Elizabeth Siddal, many of his poems were preoccupied with love and death. It is believed that h is marital infidelities, together with his experience of falling in love with the wife of his friend, William Morris, led to feelings of guilt and remorse and influenced the pessimistic tone of his later poems (Wilmer, 1991, 7-21). Walter Pater (1889, 230) comments upon the ‘definiteness of sensible imagery’ and the ‘minute and definite’ attention to visual detail in Rossetti’s work and it is certainly the case that the symbolism of ‘Without Her’ is grounded in particular physical objects which are described with a painterly eye and with the typical Pre-Raphaelite attention to the detail of nature. Yet Rossetti is also concerned with the sound and rhythms of poetry. He translated Italian verse into English and his sonnet sequence, The House of Life, shows that influence, particularly in his use of Petrarch‘s model of the sonnet cycle. The sonnet ‘Without Her’ is written in the Petrarchan form, its fourteen lines of iambic pentameter arranged as an octet followed by a sestet. The rhyme scheme, abbaabba cddccd also follows this convention. However, within this framework, Rossetti frequently subverts the form, especially in irregular patterns of rhyt hm and stress, in order to convey the pressure of emotion. This irregularity of rhythm is present in the opening line, which breaks in the middle and then runs on to the second line. Rossetti rejects the normal iambic rhythm, beginning the line with the stressed word ‘What’ and ending with two stressed words ‘blank grey’. The second line has a similar pattern, varied in the middle, but again beginning with a stressed word, ‘There’ and ending with the double stress of ‘moon’s face’. To add greater emphasis, he makes use of alliteration in the hard g of ‘glass’ and ‘grey’ in the fist line and the assonance of ‘pool’ and ‘moon’, ‘there’ and ‘where‘ in the second. Straddling these two lines, the alliteration of ‘blank‘ and ‘blind‘ also echoes the consonant ‘l’ from ‘glass’ and ‘pool‘. The diction of these lines is deceptively simple, made up as it is of single-syllable words. However, these images work in a symbolic way, repeating images such as the mirror, the pool and the moon that have occurred elsewhere in The House of Life (for example, in XLI, ’Through Death to Love’ and in the ’Willowwood’ sequence, XLIX-LII). His lost lover is linked with the moon a conventional symbol of femininity and the mirror that had previously reflected her presence is now empty. In the second pair of lines, Rossetti continues this pattern of irregular stresses. Just as the despair of the first lines is emphasised by the double stress of ‘blank grey’, so the third line contains the phrase ‘tossed empty space’. The ‘s’ sound in ‘dress’ in taken up by ‘tossed’, ‘space’, ‘whence’ and ‘passed’ and the absence of the moon is reiterated. In the second quatrain, Rossetti subverts the expectation that he will create pairs of lines that break in the middle of the first and run on to the end of the second; instead, three consecutive lines are broken in the middle and run on to the next. Only the final line of this quatrain is a completed. In this greater metric irregularity, Rossetti shows a greater emotional agitation, especially in the exclamation ’Tears, ah me!’, followed by the triple stress of ’love’s good grace’, with its alliterative ‘g’ sounds adding weight to the feeling. Again, he uses alliteration for emphasis, especially when referring to the bed from which she is absent as ‘her pillowed place’, which picks up the ‘p’ sound from ‘paths’ and ‘appointed’ in the previous line. Whilst the octet uses four concrete instances from the outward physical world to represent the absence of the beloved, the sestet turns inward to the heart of the poet. With the question ’What of the heart without her?’, the poem becomes self-reflexive in its tone and these six lines also begin to have a more regular metrical rhythm. The overriding image is of the ’wayfarer’ who is ’weary’ and ’labouring’. The emptiness of his existence is thus emphasised by a more settled rhythm, which represents the dull despair of a lonely journey through life. Particularly effective are the final four lines, in which the diction is dominated by words such as ’barren’, ’chill’, ’steep’, ’weary’, ’darkness’ and ’labouring’. The repetition of the pair of words ’the long’ in the penultimate line shows that the poet regards his life as a series of te dious repetitions without his love. Furthermore, this repetition is taken up in the final line with the alliterative phrase ’doubled darkness’, where the cloud and the wood become oppressive to the poet, feeling as he does that his life consists of ’labouring’ up a steep hill. Throughout the sonnet, the phrase ’without her’ has recurred six times and so the final images of ’doubled darkness’ takes up this sense that the poet feels grief as a kind of constant repetition of emptiness and darkness which is reflected in the repetitions that he sees in the natural world around him. In the use of such visual imagery, Rossetti has thus written a sonnet where his painterly eye complements his poet’s ear to create a fusion of the two art forms to which he devoted his life. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary sources Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 1928. The House of Life: A Sonnet-Sequence, Paul Franklin Baum, ed., Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, ‘Without Her’ (with textual notes) accessed at http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/26-1871.raw.html Secondary Sources Pater, Walter, 1889. ‘Dante Gabriel Rossetti’, in Appreciations, with an Essay on Style, accessed at  http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/pr99.p32.rad.html Wilmer, Clive, 1991 ‘Introduction’, in Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, Selected Poems and Translations, Manchester: Carcanet.

The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering :: essays research papers

The formal definition of genetic engineering given in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is â€Å"the directed alteration of genetic material by intervention in genetic processes†. Stated in another way, it is a scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism. There are many different methods in genetic engineering, but the goal of all the methods is to manipulate the genetic material (DNA) of the cells in a living organism in order to either change it hereditary traits or to produce biological products. Genetic engineering techniques have been experimented with in many different areas including in bacteria, naturally produced drugs, plants, livestock, and laboratory animals. Much of the processes dealing with genetic engineering are still in the experimental stages. As a result of this, it is required that most genetically engineered products get approval from specific U.S. governmental agencies such as the FDA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Genetic engineering has only become possible and more understandable very recently. Since scientists have been able to map out most of the gene locations in DNA, they have discovered ways to manipulate the genes. It is a very serious and controversial matter because it raises many ethical, legal, and moral issues, especially in dealing with genetic engineering in human beings. There are generally three methods used in the manipulation of human genes and they are cloning, somatic cell manipulation, and human germline manipulation. Very basically, cloning is creating exact copies of an organisms DNA and creating a new organism with this same DNA. The new organisms will be physically identical to the original organism. Somatic cell manipulation is simply injecting new genes into somatic cells in order to cure a disease such as hemophilia. Germline manipulation is altering the genes in sex cells that are passed onto offspring, so that the offspring will posses certain specific characteristics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the descriptions of these few processes, it can be seen why genetic engineering has become such a controversial issue. Genetic engineering deals with the very intricate, orderly, processes of human life. Genetics is so complex that it is extremely risky to be getting too far into the engineering without knowing the exact results of the actions. Unfortunately, experimentation is the only way to discover some of the outcomes. Some scientists argue that the medical benefits of genetic engineering could be so great, that the experimentation is worth it. There is the possibility that cures to life-threatening diseases could be found through genetic engineering in somatic cell manipulation, for example.

Bang & Olufsen

Bang & Olufsen How the tiny family-owned company Bang and Olufsen survives and prospers in spite of all the multi-nationals can do. Consumer electronics is dominated by multi-nationals who believe growth and acquisitions are the keys to survival in this price-point conscious industry. So how come in a remote country town in the north west of Denmark, an organisation with a mere 3000 employees is prospering and charging premium prices? B&0 is still in the hands of the families who started it back in 1925. Young Peter Bang and Svend Olufsen were both keen experimenters from boyhood with electricity and their first radios were built in the attic of the Olufsen house. Right from the start the company followed a philosophy of innovation. The company has always striven to set higher standards of performance than its competitors and, as a consequence found itself moving inevitably towards the upper-end of the market. Along the way styling became an important element of the B&O philosophy. A number of their products are in the permanent design collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The company uses freelance designers who are answerable to the product strategy department who are responsible for marketing planning and the technical feasibility of ideas. It took more than style, however, to give Bang & Olufsen its unique positioning in the marketplace. A long time ago it was realised that the key to survival lay in offering products which were not only different but had qualities which could not be found elsewhere. Back in 1938 they produced a radio with a preset programming function for 16 stations. In 1943 a B&O gramophone had an option for rogramming a 3 minute pause between tracks – time to allow you to bow to your new dancing partner! The first B&O TV receiver appeared in 1952. In 1951 they produced the world's first stereo cartridge. They invented the HX professional recording system which increases the headroom available for recording high frequency signals on all tape types. This system is now found in most good quality tape decks. In 1982 they int roduced the Beolink system which gives round the house sound and round the house remote-control. For all their small size Bang and Olufsen produce practically everything themselves. They even ake much of their own production equipment. Such are their capabilities that they supply injection moulding equipment to other manufacturers and have developed such diverse products as an insulin pen and extension units for telephone switching exchanges. Their entry into the telephone receiver business grew out of a contract to develop a new standard telephone for Danish Telecom. Since then they have sold over 200, 000 units of their elegant and distinctive handsets. The company regularly gets suggestions for new product categories. These are considered but unless there is scope for a distinctively B&0 concept, it will not proceed. Car audio is an example. Because the car stereo has to fit into a set size hole in a console, there is little or no scope to produce a distinctively different product that would fit into the B family of products. Today, B operate in more than 20 countries around the world. Their biggest single export market in terms of combined TV, video and hi-fi sales is the United Kingdom. As mentioned earlier, this equipment does not fit into an existing selling or price-point structure and would face an uphill struggle in the bazaar atmosphere of the typical electrical retailer. This led to the decision to carry out the entire marketing, distribution, and selling (retailing) operations in- house. The calm and luxurious atmosphere of a Bang and Olufsen showroom is highly conducive to the appreciation not only of the performance of the product but the elegant styling too. The arrangement leaves no place for opposition or competitors for, as B&0 will gladly tell you, there aren't any. At the same time, haggling over such mundane matters as discounts seems very much out of place in such surroundings. It’s a far cry from the rest of the industry where the sales staff can usually tell you very little but the price. The showroom decor is simple and subdued to highlight the discreet styling of the equipment. The staff are very much part of this presentation. Fast talking and pressure to buy have no place here. When people are spending the kind of money a B&O system costs (the 1owest priced sound system is listed at $8,000 and you can go over $30,000 with the greatest of ease) they want time to relax and consider their choice very carefully indeed. The staff are there as consultants and advisors. In fact, of course they are very effective sales people who really know their products and ow to present them. There are several six B&O showroom in Australia, all in major capital cities. Sales of audio and video products run 50/50 and in both categories the best sellers are the top models in the range. So who buys this expensive equipment? It is probably easier to say who does not. The true hi-fi buff who loves electronics and fiddling dials & buttons tends to treat B&O with the same disdain that a spor ts-car buff has for an automatic Mercedes family car. Your typical B&O owner is more interested in music and entertainment than electronics. While he r she appreciates the unique styling, sheer quality and performance of the equipment, it is the ability to deliver at the touch of a button or even a glass plate which probably counts for more. B&0 have recognised that the hi-fi industry has made its products so complex and intimidating to the average person that he only become frustrated and confused by all the conflicting advice he receives. Visiting the hi-fi specialist can be an unnerving experience which ends up giving the prospective buyer an inferiority complex. B&0's approach is to put all the complexity to one side. Technology is used to simplify. So, lthough B equipment has possibly the most sophisticated control systems of anyone in the industry, it is, paradoxically, probably the simplest of all to operate. Once you have a B unit in your home you become a prospect for upgra des and extensions. B were the first to bring round-the-house sound and later video which can be controlled from anywhere in the house. Called the Beolink, it first came out in l982 and it is only 10 years later that any other such systems are beginning to appear. Any B model can be extended to give quality hi-fi or video to any room in the house. It is not B po1icy to bring out new models each year. Rather they introduce them to meet market requirements and then upgrade them when and as required. Very often existing equipment can be brought up to the latest specifications. It is also policy that all parts are fully available for 8 years after a model goes out of production. B still regularly gets calls to service equipment over 20 years old. All parts are airfreighted from Denmark. B are too small to develop original products like the CD or even the VCR. Their role is to take such products and enhance them, make them easier to use, and package them very uniquely and attractively. A considerable proportion of B systems are sold with an older model taken as a trade-in. The quality of the products is such that they have a ready second-hand market and owner loyalty is the highest in the industry. An organisation pf just 3000 people in a very high cost country taking on the established giants of the electronics world sounds like an extreme case of wishful thinking. Band and Olufsen will tell that they think differently. They do. And it works. Do you know of any other business which has no direct competitors? Q: Identify, Understand Analyse competition and suggest appropriate competitive positioning strategies.

Reading of the modernists involved such a process of disturbance Essay

‘Modernist writers disturbed their readers by adopting complex and difficult new forms and styles’. To what extent has your reading of the modernists involved such a process of disturbance? Modernist literature flaunts difficult, often aggressive or disruptive, forms and styles; it frequently challenges traditional ‘realistic’ style and is characterised by a rejection of 19th century traditions. Literary modernism focuses on breaking away from rules and conventions, searching for new perspectives and points of view, experimenting in form and style. It breaks up and disturbs the settled state of literature and emphasises a re-structuring of literature and the experience of reality it represents. Although art always attempts to ‘imitate’ or represent reality, what changed was the understanding of what constitutes reality, and how that reality could best be represented. Modernist literature is marked by a break with the sequential, developmental, cause-and-effect presentation of the ‘reality’ of realist fiction, towards a presentation of experience as layered, allusive, and discontinuous: using, to these ends, fragmentation and juxtaposition, motif, symbol, allusion. From time to time there occurs some revolution, or sudden mutation of form and content in literature. Then, some way of writing which has been practiced for a generation or more, is found by a few people to be out of date, and no longer to respond to contemporary modes of thought, feeling and speech†¦tradition has been flouted, and chaos has come.1 This process of disturbance can be seen in the experimentation in form in order to present differently the structure, the connections, and the experience of life. The tightening of form puts an emphasis on cohesion, interrelatedness and depth in the structure of the novel. This is accomplished in part through the use of various devices such as symbolism, narrative perspectives, shifts and overlays in time and place and perspective. Woolf uses these methods to explore what lies outside the specification of the real. Woolf draws on an interior and symbolic landscape: the world is moved ‘inside’, structured symbolically and metaphorically, as opposed to the realist representations of the exterior world as a physical and historical, site of experience. The painter Jacques Raverat wrote in a correspondence to Woolf: The problem with writing is that it is essentially linear; it is almost impossible, in a sequential narrative, to express the way one’s mind responds to an idea, a word or an experience, where, like a pebble being thrown in to a pond, splashes in the outer air are accompanied under the surface by waves that follow one another into dark and forgotten corners2 Woolf felt it was precisely the task of the writer to go beyond a linear representation of reality in order to show how people think and dream. Rather than take her characters from point A to point B, Woolf gives the impression of simultaneous connections: a form patterned like waves in a pond. She reveals what is important about her characters by exploring their minds and the thoughts of those surrounding them. Such explorations lead to complex connections between people, between past and present, and between interior and exterior experience. Woolf establishes these connections through metaphors and imagery, and structures the novel using alternating images of beauty and despair, exhilaration and melancholy. These juxtapositions suggest both the impulse towards life and the impulse towards death, which makes the process of reading disconcerting and recondite. Woolf dispensed with conventional beginnings and endings, and the traditional structure of events in time, for example, Mrs Dalloway tells about one day’s experiences for two characters whose lives are not connected with each other, except by the slightest coincidence at the end. Woolf uses perceived time interwoven with clock time to create a simultaneous experience of past and present. The scene is London after the war, but also Bourton thirty years ago. In this commingling of time, the past exists on its own and in its relations to the present. Time is moved into the interior as well: it becomes psychological time, time as an innerly experienced or symbolic time, or time as it accommodates a symbolic rather than a chronological reality. Examining the intersection of time and timelessness, Woolf creates a new and disturbing novelistic structure in Mrs. Dalloway wherein her prose has blurred the distinction between dream and reality, between the past and present. An authentic human being functions in this manner, simultaneously flowing from the conscious to the unconscious, from the fantastic to the real, and from memory to the moment. Throughout Mrs Dalloway the focus continually shifts from the external world to the characters consciousness and how they perceive it. This has the disquieting effect of back grounding observable reality so the details emerge more slowly than when they are presented by an omniscient narrator. However, the London setting is established immediately, the streets and landmarks are real, this verisimilitude of setting seems to give the characters a solidity which is juxtaposed with the fluidity of the depiction of the characters thought processes. Mrs Dalloway supposes that ‘somehow in the streets of London, on the ebb and flow of things, here, there, she survived’3 The fact that the narrative takes place on a specific date is disclosed more gradually than the setting is, for example, Clarissa thinks ‘For it was the middle of June. The war was over’4 and then the narrator tells us it is Wednesday on page fifteen. Later still Peter Walsh’s thoughts reveal that it is 19235. There are also references to Gold cup day at Ascot so by naming a specific year Woolf turns what could have been a fictional fact in to a real one. Woolf implies a concept of time as a series of life conjunctures rather than impersonal. These are established by the presence of sensory phenomena in different contexts such as the sound of Big Ben, the common perceptions among unrelated observers, for instance, the prime ministers car. Also, by convergences at occasions of group activities as in Clarissa’s party. Time seems relativistic in the sense it depends on systems of measurement. The clocks divide the day into quarter hours. The loud voice of Big Ben is associated with the masculine. It is described as ‘a young man, strong, indifferent, inconsiderate, were swinging dumb-bells this way and that’6. It marks the movements of the two doctors, Peter Walsh and Sir Richard as they move through their day, making pronouncements. St Margaret’s on the other hand is the feminine. It follows Big Ben’s booming ‘leaden circles’ with ‘ring after ring of sound’ that ‘glides into the heart’ like a hostess, ‘like Clarissa herself’7 thinks Peter Walsh as he hears St Margaret’s peeling sound. Furthermore, The clocks divide time into a pattern, Shredding and slicing, dividing and subdividing, the clocks of Harley Street nibbled at the June day, counselled submission, upheld authority, and pointed out in chorus the supreme advantages of a sense of proportion†¦8 The ringing of the clock bells radiates from the centre of the city. The sound creates a design in the texture of the narrative, slicing through the characters subjective experience of time and contrasting this with objective, exterior time. In To The Lighthouse many of the characters are preoccupied with time. Mr. Ramsay worries about how his philosophical work will stand the test of time, just as Lily expects her painting to be rolled up and forgotten. The very style of the novel brings time into question as Woolf infuses even a brief moment in an everyday event, such as reading a story to a child, with an infinitude of thought and memory 9 Meanwhile days, tides, and seasons keep up their rhythms regardless of human events, while historical time brings cataclysmic change in the form of war. In addition, time brings loss as well as renewal. Mrs. Ramsay dies, while the children she has left behind continue to grow. In To the Lighthouse Woolf depicts two contrasting kinds of time, the linear and regular plodding of clock or objective time, and the reiterative, non-linear time of human experience. Her depiction of subjective time, layered and complex was, critics have observed, not unlike that of the philosopher Henri Bergson, though there is no evidence of any direct influence. It is in the ‘Time Passes’ section of the novel that Woolf’s interest in the contrasting forms of temporality is most evident. The narrative style of this part is very unusual and is unlike that of Parts I and III. Its effort to narrate from what Woolf called an ‘eyeless’ point of view is strange, it is as if she is thinking of the philosophical problem, the problem with which Mr Ramsay grapples in the novel, of how to think of the world when there is no one there. This is translated into an artistic problem, of how to narrate the passage of time when there is no one there to witness it. The scale of events in ‘Time Passes’ is much grander than the scale in ‘The Window,’ thus throughout this section Woolf employs a different method and uses parenthetical asides to impart important news. Instead of focusing on the thoughts of her characters, she keeps a tight focus on the house itself. Dramatic events such as Mrs. Ramsay’s death could not have been confronted in the style of ‘The Window.’ as the subtle, everyday quality of the interactions between events and thoughts would have been disturbed by the introduction of the tumultuous news imparted here. The ‘airs’ in this section of the novel are like time’s fingers. The constant, regular beam of the Lighthouse is closely allied with time, too, like an all-seeing and immortal eye. Puffs of air ‘detached from the body of the wind’10 pull at the loose wallpaper and the things in the house, the light from the Lighthouse guiding them through the house. Natural time is seen as objective and inhuman, it is destructive and violent in the sense that it has no concern for human purposes. Woolf’s solution to this problem is to invent a poetic style that, ironically, relies heavily upon the devices of personification and animism. The shadows of the trees ‘made obeisance on the wall’, ‘loveliness and stillness clasped hands in the bedroom’, ‘light bent to its own image in adoration on the bedroom wall’ and ‘in the heat of the summer the wind sent its spies about the house again’11. It can be questioned whether these devices are successful. It is as if Woolf wishes to fill the emptiness of inhuman nature with primitive animistic entities and malign agencies. The solution can seem oddly childlike, personification and animism being, as Freud pointed out, typical of infantile thought12. The problem illustrates, perhaps, the difficulty of avoiding images of human agency even when they a re least necessary. In Mrs Dalloway during sections of ‘mind-time’, Woolf sets various time streams loose at once, either in the mind of one character, who retreats into internal soliloquy, collapsing past, present and future, or in the simultaneous perspectives given by several characters recording a single moment. The result of either technique is that plot time stands still.13 Time is not entirely subjective and elastic in this text, however. The novel does take place within a prescribed temporal context marked ominously by the booming of Big Ben: ‘First a warning, musical; then the hour, irrevocable. The leaden circles dissolved in the air.’ Throughout the novel this chronology is inescapable, cutting through the characters thoughts of the past to bring them back to the present moment Auerbach points out that To the Lighthouse marks the end of the Western tradition of realism. He argues that the novel employs a new fashion of temporality. It is the gap between the brief span of time occupied by exterior events, about two days in ‘The Window’, and the rich, dreamlike realm of consciousness. The exterior events actually lost the hegemony over subjectivity14. The novel proves the insignificance of exterior events by holding to minor, unimpressive things like stockings, while keeping in minimum the descriptions of such great events as death and marriage. To the Lighthouse is thus a disturbing turning point in literature because it discarded any claim to the organic completeness of exterior events and the chronological order. To The lighthouse employs a non-linearity and thus counteracts narrative’s usual form of depicting events in a continuous succession. Synchronicity, evident in the coexistence of multiple perspectives at the same temporal moment, disturbs the narrative’s attempt to render the story world as events in succession. And elision, evident in the stories within the story whose endings are invariably left dangling and incomplete, dissolves the narrative’s attempt to achieve completion. Together, these discordant methods undermine the conventional unfolding of narrative. Woolf’s novel employs these techniques of disruption in order to portray narrative continuity as an inescapable yet unattainable illusion. Plot is generated by the inner lives of the characters. Psychological effects are achieved through the use of imagery, symbol, and metaphor. Character unfolds by means of the ebb and flow of personal impressions, feelings, and thoughts. Thus, the inner lives of human beings and the ordinary events in their lives are made to seem extraordinary. These complex and new methods that attempt to depict the chaotic interior life appear more jumbled and perplexing than the classical realist novel and so seem disturbing. However, Woolf is attempting to create a realistic account of the inner processes of the individuals mind and an expression of the continuous flow of sense perceptions, thoughts and feelings. Woolf also employs the symbolic apprehension and comprehension of reality as a structural approach to experience. It marked a turning away from writing by observation to transforming fact into a symbol of inner experience. In her diary Woolf wrote What interests me in the last stage was the freedom and boldness with which my imagination picked up, used and tossed aside all the images, symbols which I had prepared. I am sure this is the right way of using them-not in set pieces†¦but simply as images, never making them work out; only suggest 15 To The Lighthouse assumes a structure similar to that found in the fictional scene of the painting. In a letter Woolf acknowledges the structure and its unifying symbol as enacted at the end. ‘I meant nothing by The Lighthouse. One has to have a central line down the middle of the book to hold the design together.’16 In To The Lighthouse the Lighthouse has a prominent but fluid symbolic place in the novel. It does not seem to be the key to some hidden allegory since it does not stand for just one thing, each character that contemplates the Lighthouse gives it a special meaning, its significance in the novel evolves as the sum of different parts. For the teenaged James, the Lighthouse is a stark symbol of masculinity, a phallic symbol. For Mrs. Ramsay, the Lighthouse is a watching eye sweeping through her thoughts with a regular rhythm. To Woolf, the Lighthouse seems to serve as an anchor, a unifying image that ties together the layers of time and thought she explores. Like the clock striking the hours in Mrs. Dalloway, images of the Lighthouse act as the ‘bolts of iron’17 holding the different strands of the novel together. The focus of the planned excursion is not named until page eight and from then onwards the Lighthouse always appears with a capital letter. It is conventional to capitalize words referring to abstractions, particularly in philosophical writing. This feature has the effect of elevating the significance of the place, as if ‘Lighthouse’ were an abstract concept like ‘Truth’ or ‘Death.’ The Lighthouse makes its first appearance in the text in very lyrical terms. The domestic metaphors used to describe the scene, which are perhaps Mrs. Ramsay’s associations; the island is in a ‘plateful of blue water,’ and the dunes are arranged in ‘pleats’18. The first influence of the lighthouse is the description of James’s excitement ‘The wonder to which he had looked forward, for years and years’19 The lighthouse already seems to have gained a greater significance than its mere physical existence. It is an object of desire to James. However, his reaction to Mrs Ramsey’s promise shows that there is a separation between his dream of happiness (going to the lighthouse) and his dull, everyday experience of life. Prosaically, the lighthouse is a real thing, yet James has made it into an unattainable dream, which he does not expect to come true. James seems to be in a crisis because there is a prospect that his ideal world and real world will become the same and he will go to the lighthouse. Therefore, the wondrous aura of the lighthouse is attached to mundane things. James endows a picture of a refrigerator with a ‘heavenly bliss. It was filled with joy’20 this implies that fantasies bring relief from the dullness of everyday life, as long as there is the prospect that they will come true. However, James is one of ‘that great clan’21 who live for the future but if future ideals ‘cloud’ the view of reality then there is an implicit suggestion that achieving one’s desire presents a danger in that there would be nothing left to live for. Conversely, people must have some hope of achieving their ideal, or life would become futile. Woolf’s symbol of the lighthouse expresses this paradoxical idea in that it represents both an idealised fantasy while also being a real lighthouse. It becomes a trigger, provoking the reader to think about the human tendency to live for a future fantasy, together with all the paradoxical emotions Woolf conveys as associated with that tendency. James looked at the Lighthouse. He could see the white-washed rocks; the tower, stark and straight; he could see that it was barred with black and white; he could see windows in it; he could even see washing spread on the rocks to dry. So that was the Lighthouse, was it? No, the other was also the Lighthouse. For nothing was simply one thing. The other Lighthouse was true too22 James compares the real and the ideal and decides that the Lighthouse can be both. He provides a useful key for deciphering the symbol of the Lighthouse, ‘for nothing was simply one thing’23. The Lighthouse is the object of striving, some mystical, distant entity with an all-seeing eye. At the same time it is the embodiment of isolation and sadness, linked with James’s desolate image of himself and his father as lonely and apart from other people The fact that the Lighthouse is a frequent subject for artists adds to its symbolic import. The tightening of form puts an emphasis on cohesion, interrelatedness and depth in the structure, Woolf engages both the subject of art, Lily Briscoe’s painting, for example and the aim of philosophy, in Mr. Ramsay’s work. ‘The Lighthouse was then a silvery, misty-looking tower with a yellow eye, that opened suddenly, and softly in the evening.’24 Mrs. Ramsay incorporates the Lighthouse’s regularly appearing light into the pattern of her thoughts. She recognizes that she is doing this, that she is making the things she sees part of herself, as if the Lighthouse was an eye looking at her. The light strokes also serve to highlight certain cadences in her thought, heightening their meaning by repetition The parallels developing in this section between Lily’s actions and reflections and the impending trip to the Lighthouse suggest that Lily’s revelation, her moment of clarity and ‘stability,’ is her own version of the Lighthouse, the thing toward which she has been striving 25. Woolf builds upon the same metaphors and imagery through repetition and association to give them symbolic value of their own. There are repetitions of key images: water, waves, and sea; webs, ties, and threads; and trees through the novels. In Mrs Dalloway words are used in very certain terms in relation to life. They are used repeatedly throughout the rest of the novel, and built upon as metaphors until they stand alone to symbolize life. The sense of being absorbed in the process of action is inseparable from the fear of being excluded from it and from the dread that the process is going to be interrupted. The metaphor of the ‘interrupter’ and the solemn pause, indicating a fear of being interrupted, are developed throughout the novel. Clarissa’s sewing is depicted in a rhythmic wave of building, creating, and making. These images recur throughout the novel as they gain symbolic significance. Sewing is a metaphor often used to denote women’s creative capacity and symbolizes both artistry and the creation of life. The wave provides both a sense of calm and fulfillment, yet maintains a suspenseful pause before a crash or interruption Mrs. Dalloway has an unpleasant feeling she cannot place. After taking a moment to think, she realizes this feeling is attached to ‘something Peter had said, combined with her own depression’26. She realizes it is her parties. Her unpleasant feeling is attached to the criticism she receives from both Richard and Peter about her parties. Clarissa privately defends her parties. She sees them as an offering, a term she is able to recognize as vague and goes on to define. She is offering a connection. She gives meaning to life by feeling the existence of others and offering a way to bring them together, offering them a chance of connection. While sitting on the couch, Septimus notices a shadow on the wall. ‘Fear no more the heat o’ the sun.’ This phrase, which acts as a calming device, enters his head. Suddenly, he is not afraid. He sits up and takes an interest in what Lucrezia is doing. She is making a hat. More significantly, she is creating and building Rezia’s creation of the hat, like Clarissa’s sewing, symbolizes not only the creation of life, but also more specifically, the female ability to create life ‘But this hat now. And then (it was getting late) Sir William Bradshaw’27 Woolf uses this one symbolic line as a metaphor for the transition from life, represented in the making of the hat and death, suggested by Bradshaw, the symbol of the soul’s containment and the character who ultimately provides Septimus with the impetus to kill himself. Woolf uses a great deal of imagery; her similes often begin as a straightforward comparison, which is then elaborated. This moves the ideas away from the physical reality of the narrative and towards mental events, emotions and ideas providing a bridge between the plot and the interior consciousness of the characters. The reader is shown the dilemma of how to create a meaningful sequence and the impossibility of essentially finding an explicit formal system of how to represent objects and concepts, that are assumed to exist, and the relationships between them. The cumulative effect of such repeated notions and images is to establish a systematic network of social elements, such as, human time, space, shared symbols, personal relationships, so as to arrive at a vision of modern life on a national scale. This collective existence is apprehended internally, as its participants experience it. It is both the content and the form used to portray that content which makes reading a disturbing process. The question of the reality of experience itself; the critique of the traditional values of the culture; the loss of meaning and hope in the modern world and the exploration of how this loss may be faced are all themes within Woolf’s novels. Subject matter and writing style are the two features that characterise Modernism and this applies to Mrs Dalloway. The themes of Woolf’s novels express the angst of Modernism in a precise way and Mrs Dalloway exemplifies the conflict felt in the modern society that produces this angst. The conflict is played out between two forces, one that fragments and disperses social order and causes chaos, and a more stable impulse that looks for unity. Multiple voices, fragmented narrative and stream of consciousness are the stylistic devices of Woolf that convey the themes of conflict, despair and escape in the novel. Mrs Dalloway can be seen as an attempt to critique modern life, however, the novel can seem overwhelmed by the chaos of characters struggling to find meaning in life when death is such a large presence. Another aspect of this novel that’ is Modernist and can be seen to be disturbing is its withdrawal from the epic novel, the larger historical or temporal frame found in the 19th century novel. In Mrs Dalloway, there is no organising logic from which to draw a secure and comfortable resolution to life’s struggles. The action or plot is restricted to a single day, no large epic journey is possible and while the struggle for life is apparent, there is nothing of the 19th century moral structure to contain and manage the outcomes. Death and despair overwhelm life and its purposes, the narrowness of life is suffocating, and lives are fragmented, anxious, disconnected and misrecognised. To The Lighthouse also undermines what were the conventional expectations attached to novels. Woolf speculated that she might be writing something other than a novel. ‘I have an idea that I will invent a new name for my books to supplant ‘novel’†¦But what? Elegy?’28 Her work can be seen as more poetry than fiction as it occupies itself with abstract ideas and experimentation more than with plot and character development Woolf throws into disorder readers’ expectations of how life can be represented within a novel, and she achieves this through seeking a new mode of expression. It is not that she rejects reality, but rather that she sought to develop a higher type of realism, as if more complex forms would allow for the depiction of a more complex and vivid understanding of reality.    Bibliograph. Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: the representation of reality in Western literature / by Erich Auerbach; translated from the German by Willard Trask. New York: Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1957. Bell, Q, Virginia Woolf: A Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1972. Eliot, T.S, American Literature and American Language in Selected Essays. London: Faber, 1951. Fleishman, Avrom, Virginia Woolf: A Critical Reading. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975. Lee, Hermione, The Novels of Virginia Woolf. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1977. Naremore, James, The World Without A Self. London: Yale University Press, 1973. Schulze, Robin. G, Varieties of Mystical Experience in the Writings of Virginia Woolf in Twentieth Century Literature Vol.44. New York: Hofstra University, 1998. Woolf, Virginia. A writer’s diary: being extracts from the diary of Virginia Woolf edited by Leonard Woolf. London, Hogarth Press, 1953. Woolf. Virginia, Mrs Dalloway. London: Penguin, 1996. Woolf, Virginia, To The Lighthouse. London: Penguin, 1992. 1 Eliot, T.S, American Literature and American Language in Selected Essays. London: Faber, 1951.p. 73. 2 Lee, Hermione, The Novels of Virginia Woolf. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1977. p.106. 3 Woof, Virginia, Mrs Dalloway. London: Penguin, 1996. p.8. 4 Ibid. p.6. 5 Ibid. p.55. 6 Ibid. p.35. 7 Ibid. p.60. 8 Ibid. p.75. 9 Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: the representation of reality in Western literature / by Erich Auerbach; translated from the German by Willard Trask. New York: Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1957. p.529. 10 Woolf, Virginia, To The Lighthouse. London: Penguin, 1992, p.190 11 Ibid. pp.137-139. 12 Schulze, Robin. G, Varieties of Mystical Experience in the Writings of Virginia Woolf in Twentieth Century Literature Vol.44. New York: Hofstra University, 1998. p.3 13 Naremore, James, The World Without A Self. London: Yale University Press, 1973. p.71. 14 Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: the representation of reality in Western literature / by Erich Auerbach; translated from the German by Willard Trask. New York: Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1957. pp. 351-355 15 Woolf, Virginia. A writer’s diary: being extracts from the diary of Virginia Woolf edited by Leonard Woolf. London, Hogarth Press, 1953. p.169 16 Bell, Q, Virginia Woolf: A Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1972. p.168. 17 Woolf, Virginia, To The Lighthouse. London: Penguin, 1992. p.5. 18 Ibid. p.23. 19 Ibid. p.7. 20 Ibid. p.7. 21 Ibid. p.7. 22 Ibid. pp.276-277. 23 Ibid. p.277. 24 Ibid. p. 107. 25 Ibid. 270. 26 Woolf. Virginia, Mrs Dalloway. London: Penguin, 1996. p.183. 27 Ibid. p. 178. 28 Woolf, Virginia. A writer’s diary: being extracts from the diary of Virginia Woolf edited by Leonard Woolf. London, Hogarth Press, 1953. p.78.