Puerto Rican Cultural And Religion :: essays research papers

Puerto Rican Cultural and Religion     I am a fragment of the Puerto Rican American Families enquiry team. Imyself grew up in a Puerto Rican American, or "New Yorican", family. Theassignment is a field study. The study is on an observation of the unearthlycommunity. We visited a roman letters Catholic church in Buffalo on the west side,which is a predominantly Hispanic area of the city. I myself am alike a papistCatholic. This is a slightly erred site, beca character I believe that most PuertoRicans migrated to New York City. However, we were able to make someinteresting observations. The group attended majority at beatified Cross both an incline and Spanish mass. It seemed that the group accepted our presencewithout any apprehension, however, as I stated before, this probably is a resultof I myself being Puerto Rican American. There were some striking differencesbetween the English mass and the Spanish mass.The first noticeable difference was in a ttendance. The Spanish mass hada considerable higher attendance than did the English mass. Also the appearanceof the manner of dress. The attendees of the Spanish mass were more formallydressed than those of the English mass. Another major difference was in themusic. The English mass had the "traditional" European "angelica" type singing.The Spanish mass, however, had more upbeat music, along with the use of"traditionally" Carribean instruments corresponding maracas, for example.     What does this suggest about the ghostly community of Puerto RicanAmericans? I think that it is a balance between assimilation and preserving theculture. I think it is perspicuous that Roman universality was not the nativereligion of Borinquen. Borinquen was the name of the island Puerto Ricobefore the conquest of the Spanish. So since they had already been forced toassimilate their culture into European culture by the Columbians, they foundthey could easi ly assimilate into American culture more readily than othercultures. However, we find in the Spanish mass, the use of Carribeaninstruments. This suggests an parturiency by the religious community to maintain thePuerto Rican culture.     I personally have experienced the efforts to maintain Puerto Ricanculture in the form of Santeria. Santeria is a religion practiced by, I guess, some(prenominal) Puerto Rican Americans. It is practiced in the homes of Puerto RicanAmericans when they are not in church.Puerto Rican Cultural And Religion essays research papers Puerto Rican Cultural and Religion     I am a member of the Puerto Rican American Families research team. Imyself grew up in a Puerto Rican American, or "New Yorican", family. Theassignment is a field study. The study is on an observation of the religiouscommunity. We visited a Roman Catholic church in Buffalo on the west side,which is a predominantly Hispanic area of the city. I myself am also a RomanCatholic. This is a slightly erred site, because I believe that most PuertoRicans migrated to New York City. However, we were able to make someinteresting observations. The group attended mass at Holy Cross both anEnglish and Spanish mass. It seemed that the group accepted our presencewithout any apprehension, however, as I stated before, this probably is a resultof I myself being Puerto Rican American. There were some striking differencesbetween the English mass and the Spanish mass.The first noticeable difference was in attendance. The Spanish mass hada considerable higher attendance than did the English mass. Also the appearanceof the manner of dress. The attendees of the Spanish mass were more formallydressed than those of the English mass. Another major difference was in themusic. The English mass had the "traditional" European "angelica" type singing.The Spanish mass, however, had more upbeat music, along with the use of"traditionall y" Carribean instruments like maracas, for example.     What does this suggest about the religious community of Puerto RicanAmericans? I think that it is a balance between assimilation and preserving theculture. I think it is obvious that Roman Catholicism was not the nativereligion of Borinquen. Borinquen was the name of the island Puerto Ricobefore the conquest of the Spanish. So since they had already been forced toassimilate their culture into European culture by the Columbians, they foundthey could easily assimilate into American culture more readily than othercultures. However, we find in the Spanish mass, the use of Carribeaninstruments. This suggests an effort by the religious community to maintain thePuerto Rican culture.     I personally have experienced the efforts to maintain Puerto Ricanculture in the form of Santeria. Santeria is a religion practiced by, I guess,many Puerto Rican Americans. It is practiced in the homes of Pue rto RicanAmericans when they are not in church.

Essay on Kids, Schools and Guns :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Kids, Schools and Guns Guns. The word itself conjures up images of bloodshed and death. Yet instead of instilling fear into people, American society has embraced guns and primed(p) them in numerous homes under the pretence of protection. Add to that image - children. Children and guns should never fool any association, yet has become somewhat commonplace because of the many incidences that see the two. In the age bracket of 10 to 19 years, guns are the second leading cause of deaths, after automobile accidents, in America. Of the 5751 deaths in 1993, 3661 were homicides while 1460 were suicides. iodine American in that age group dies every 92 minutes regardless of cause, and for every child killed, four are injured. Between 1996 and 1997, 6000 school children were expelled for rescue guns to school. (http//www.handguncontrol.org/) In April 1999, two boys in Littleton, Colorado went on a rampage at Columbine High School where 12 students and a teacher were killed. closely 20 oth er students were hurt during this incident. They turned the guns on themselves after the shooting was over. Then in may, a 15-year-old boy opened fire at heritage High School in Conyers, Georgia injuring six students. He had taken a rifle and pistol from a cabinet of weapons in his home. (http//www.angelfire.com/wa) In May 1998, in Springfield, Oregon, a 15-year-old, expelled from Thurston High School, returned to the school and opened fire in the cafeteria, killing two students. His parents were later found shot dead in their home, believed to have been killed by the son. The latest shooting took place in Michigan this past February where a six-year-old boy shot dead a classmate. Kayla Rolland, 6, was shot through the sleep with and died later in hospital. The boy was under the care of his aunt, living in a house where guns were within reach, and drugs were traded for stolen weapons. The six-year-old, suspended from school three times precedent to the shooting, once for stabbi ng a student with a pencil, got the loaded gun from under some blankets on a bed at the house in which he was living. One might imagine that after all these unnecessary deaths, gun laws would be revised to ensure guns are kept out of the workforce of children. In America, the Brady Law states that anyone under 21 cannot legally purchase handguns from licensed dealers. There is, however, a loophole whereby 18 to 21-year-olds can purchase handguns from private or unaccredited dealers.

Hip hop Essay -- Music, Rap, Hip Hop

Music has been around since the informant of civilization. Music was used to tell myths, religious stories, and warrior tales. Since the beginning of civilization music has greatly progressed. Music still tells a story, we know just have many genres to satisfy the social and social tastes of our modern society. rose pelvic arch skip is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. Its increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. Technological advances has made it easy for pelvic girdle Hop to spread out globally. This occurrence of globalization is a key example that as our cultural borders are broken down by technology, our own cultural and social practices be produce fluid. Although there are many positive and negative comments about the globalization of Hip Hop, it is a reflection of the growing phenomenon occurring all over the world.Hip hop originated in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term r ap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop can also be described as an entire subculture (Hip Hop, 2004). The term Hip Hop is said to have come from a joke between Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and their friends (Hip Hop, 2004). Although Hip Hop was created on American soil, its influences are global. It can be said that Hip Hop might be a result of ethnic globalization. Hip Hop has roots in African, Caribbean, and Latino culture (Hip Hop globalisation and Youth Culture, 2005). verbalize word, which is still popular today is also an influence in Hip Hop music and culture. Spoken word is a style of poetry spoken in a rhythmic fashion. Hip Hop ranges from rap music, to B-boy dance. It was a platform to empower ethnic you... ...r societies. These artist have more heart felt words to spill the beans and genuine creativity because when you are brought up in such poor social conditions that is sometimes all you have to hold on to.Hip Hop proves to be the voice of the people that may not be able to speak for themselves in conventional ways. Globalization has allowed many people who would not have the means to speak up, to be able to take center stage. Many swear that globalization will be the end of individuality and creativity. This has been a theory that seems to fail when put up against Hip Hop globalization. Hip Hop Globalization has proven to hybridize communities and music,that in the end forms something that has never been seen before. Globalization may prove that instead of making the world flat, it will create red-hot mountains and craters of creativity that were never imagined.

Free Catch-22 Essays: The Glory of War Disputed :: Catch-22

The Glory of War Disputed in Catch-22   To some people, war is a glorious event. The romanticized perspective that society bases war on is reversed in the book Catch-22.  The Vietnam War established the book as an anti-war classic because of the wars paradoxical nature. Heller perceives war as a no win situation. The book elaborates on the sane and the insane ways of the nation. The question is who is to determine the insane? It all comes back to the paradox that Catch-22 delivers. The trauma this book illustrates threatens the governments ideal of peace. Hellers Catch-22 is a satire on the murderous insanity of war. The book reveals the reality of war. The sarcasm and structure of this novel is Hellers way to show the actuality of wars despair.                The author exemplifies war as trivial his characters are non fighting the enemy, save they are fighting within themselves. The world has known war ever since the beg inning of time, but time has to change if the nation is expiry to prosper in a positive direction. In Catch-22 most of the sane characters put all of their time and energy into getting home. Yossarian, the main character in the book, was the most determined to stay alive. The enemy, retorted Yossarian, is anybody whos going to get you killed, no matter which side hes on (120). All around him he felt people were laborious to kill him. His main fear was everyone, including his troops, were shooting at him. Yossarian informs, Theyre trying to kill me (11). Everywhere he turned he thought people were after him. yet in the dining hall, he sensed the cooks wanted to poison him. With the trauma he went through nobody can blame him for being paranoid. Anything he could do to get out of missions he tried. The goal that he set was to go home alive, and he would do anything to achieve it. Never did he think doubly about what duty he had to accomplish for his government. The whole objective in war is for innocent people to die. Not only did Yossarian fight to go home, but also he fought with the guilt he had to encounter for his lack of bravery. Nothing that he faced could stop him from leaving the war. Not only did he gain to battle the constant fear of death, he also had to fight the inner trauma that was killing him inside.

Georgia and albert :: essays research papers

     The gallery, as most are, was sparsely furnished with only a few benches. It was dominated by three huge paintings and peppered with many smaller works. In front of one, stood two sorority girls who were in heated debate. Rodney, seeing an opening to impress them, sauntered over to carry at the painting and await the question he knew would come. He was right. One of the girls turned and asked "Can you tell if this is a mans or a womans painting?" Not the question hed expected.     "Well," He said earnestly, examining the huge canvas with its braggy bold strokes of deep blue on a background of fantastic yellow patches. "It looks very strong. The paint is applied with a wild vitality. Id say its a mans work."     "I told you so." said the first girl whos name was Amy. At least thats what her sweater said.     "Well the label says Stacy Conover. Thats a girls name. " Complained the second girl.     "Jan, it can be a guys name too."     This sort of argument occurs at almost every gallery. It isnt easy to settle either. Art done by men does not always look masculine nor does art by women always look feminine. The question that is posed is Can you tell the difference between a mans art and a womans art? I personally thought it through and decided I didnt have enough information. After digging through the librarys encyclopedias, art history books, biographies and folios, it was clear that the fender question was too broad. It just is not possible to give an answer on this much subject matter. With this in mind I set parameters and singled step to the fore two artists to be my subjects.     Ideally the artist should have similar backgrounds as far as family and schooling. Also they need to have lived during the same period. Similar subjects and link up media are best. Also they should have worked in the same locale at least for part of their careers.     Hunting down and ferreting out a pair of artists to hold back this description was not easy. I finally settled on two of the most important artists of the American Avant Garde, Georgia OKeeffe and Alfred Stieglitz. As strange as it whitethorn seem this husband and wife shared many aspects. Enough to fit my parameters anyway.     Georgia and Alfred were both born into large, wealthy, immigrant families. Georgia, the oldest OKeefe daughter and Alfred the oldest son of the Stieglitz.

Georgia and albert :: essays research papers

     The gallery, as most are, was sparsely furnished with only a few benches. It was dominated by three coarse paintings and peppered with numerous smaller works. In front of one, stood two sorority girls who were in heated debate. Rodney, seeing an opening to impress them, sauntered over to look at the painting and await the research he knew would come. He was right. One of the girls turned and asked "Can you tell if this is a mans or a womans painting?" Not the question hed expected.     "Well," He said earnestly, examining the huge sack upvas with its large bold strokes of deep blue on a background of fantastic yellow patches. "It looks very strong. The paint is applied with a ferine vitality. Id say its a mans work."     "I told you so." said the first girl whos name was Amy. At least thats what her sweater said.     "Well the label says Stacy Conover. Thats a girls name." Complained the second girl.     "Jan, it can be a guys name too."     This sort of argument occurs at almost every gallery. It isnt easy to settle either. Art done by men does not always look masculine nor does nontextual matter by women always look feminine. The question that is posed is Can you tell the difference between a mans art and a womans art? I personally thought it through and decided I didnt have enough information. After digging through the librarys encyclopedias, art archives books, biographies and folios, it was clear that the original question was too broad. It just is not possible to give an answer on this much subject matter. With this in mind I set parameters and singled out two artists to be my subjects.     Ideally the artist should have similar backgrounds as far as family and schooling. Also they need to have lived during the comparable period. Similar subjects and relate d media are best. Also they should have worked in the same locale at least for part of their careers.     Hunting down and ferreting out a pair of artists to fit this description was not easy. I finally settled on two of the most important artists of the American Avant Garde, Georgia OKeeffe and Alfred Stieglitz. As grotesque as it may seem this husband and wife shared many aspects. Enough to fit my parameters anyway.     Georgia and Alfred were both born into large, wealthy, immigrant families. Georgia, the oldest OKeefe daughter and Alfred the oldest son of the Stieglitz.

Industrial And Organizational Psychology Paper Essay

The field of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychological science has been studied since the infancy of psychology itself (Spector, 2008). In the beginning, I/O psychology was wholly have-to doe with with the industrial side of the fieldwhich concentrated on the management aspects of course and emphasized human resourcesas opposed to the organization side, which is concerned with improving work conditions in the workplace. Yet, as the field has grown over the years it has come to include the full spectrum of labor and organization.Strictly speaking, I/O psychology is defined as, an applied field that is concerned with the development and application of scientific principles to the workplace (Spector, 2008, p. 5). On a practicable level, the aim of I/O psychology is to, improve the quality of the environment for employees as well as to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of employee behavior in that environment (Barnes-Holmes et. al. , 2006, p. 56).The concise definiti on and practical application of I/O psychology are only the capstone to an understanding of the length and breadth of the field. A full examination of the evolution of I/O psychology as well as an explanation of the role that seek and statistics play in I/O psychology are needed to form the foundation on which the capstone is placed. Evolution of I/O Psychology I/O psychology has its roots in the late 1800s and early 1900s when early psychologists were trying to apply the theories of psychology to the organization of business (Spector, 2008).Two scientists are attributed with the founding work of I/O psychology Huge Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott. both(prenominal)(prenominal) were university professors that had an interest in employee selection and the application of new psychological tests to the subject of industry. In fact, two of I/O psychologys foundational books, The Theory of Advertising (1903) and Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913) were written by Scott and Mu nsterberg, respectively.The methodological next step beyond Scott and Munsterberg came in 1911 when Frederick Winslow Taylor developed his theory of Scientific Management, which puts for a scientific procedure for the managing of production workers on the factory line. The field of I/O psychology took a leap in technological applicability when Frank Gilbreth, an engineer, and Lillian Gilbreth, a psychologists, combined the knowledgebase of their respective fields into one eclectic theory of human factorswhich is wholly concerned with the design of technology for use by people (Spector, 2008).Ironically, it was the destruction of World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII) that most furthered the development and relevance of I/O psychology. During WWI several psychologists, led by Robert Yerkes, produced the Army Alpha and Army Beta group tests, which were designed to gauge mental ability to the stamp out of proper unit placement. Before WWII the APA proper was not concerned with the practice of psychology in the real-world, but limited itself to experimental psychology.However, in 1944 Division 14 of Industrial and Business Psychology was formed within the APA to address the need for a practice side of I/O psychology. In 1970 Division 14 was reorganized as the APA Division of Industrial and Organization Psychology and is today referred to as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). Over the past ascorbic acid the field of I/O psychology has grown to include work conditions and work satisfactionthe organization side of the fieldinto the theoretical and academic eubstance of research that the field encompasses.As an example, the current organizational explanation of individual goals and self-regulatory activities takes an integrative perspective, incorporating the person, the social situation, and environmental factors into one theoretical framework (Kanfer, 2005). Today I/O psychology is applied to both scientific research in the labor atory and practice in the field to deal with the issues and problems that affect businesses and organizations of the day. Research and Statistics in I/O Psychology There are two main settings in which I/O psychology takes place research and practice (Spector, 2008).Both settings greatly overlap in the real-world, everyday work of I/O psychologists. The practice division of I/O psychology applies psychological principles to the work environment, business structure, and hiring practices of industries and organizations whereas, the research division develops the aforementioned psychological principles to be used in the practice of I/O psychology. No matter the setting, I/O psychology utilizes the scientific method to determine the underlying psychological principles and applicable practices relevant to businesses and organizations.Four concepts necessary to the extrapolation of the cientific method onto the subject-matter of I/O psychology include 1) the research question 2) research d esign 3) measurement and 4) statistics. A research question that is testable through the avenues of the scientific method must be specific and usually includes tiny theoretical predications about the outcome of the researchhypothesis. The great power of the scientific method comes through the manipulation of indep breakent variables and subsequent observation of dependent variables to the end of unraveling the affects of confounding while simultaneously isolating causal and correlated variables.The basic structure of research design can be invasiveas in the case of control groupsor simply observational in nature. The several types of research design consist of survey designs (questionnaires)both cross-sectional and longitudinal, observational designsboth obtrusive and unobtrusive and qualitative studies, which entail the use of non-quantitative data to substantiate psychological principles.

College Students Cheating on Exams Essay

In todays age when you look at the name Cheating, you may find some(prenominal) a(prenominal) different definitions or meanings. Whether you chouse at work cognise as fraud, cheat at home known as dishonesty, or at school, this act of conduct elicit lead to many aftermaths made by ones choice. Cheating as a word to me mover to not follow rules or standards brought up as a person. As we focus today on students treason, the first thing that comes to my mind is cheating on an exam.As much as we hate to believe it, students in these days have followed the path of trying to do anything to get that grade. I believe many students today argon driven to cheat when there is too much emphasis to ace an exam from both parents and school staff. Its difficult to shed why students cheat, but I think if you eliminate pressure, students are less likely to engage in such conduct. Cheating leads to breaking the rules in many cases. Sometimes cheating can also lead to students finding someone e lse to help take one another.No matter how careful teachers or programs are designed to prevent it, students will always find ways to get around obstacles and cheat at one point. Students may think cheating on an exam might seem like an easy way for a student to get a good grade and get ahead in his or her passage, but the end result is when students cheat on exams, everyone is affected in many ways. When a student cheats or decides to cheat on an exam, they forget to think about the consequences that occur as a result of the decision made.Have you ever stopped and thought of the different consequences that occur? Consequences can vary depending on the student getting caught cheating. Some professors may issue a grade of a zero as a standard consequence other professors may report the cheating to school board depending on the kind of test taken. In most cases, the student will be launch on academic probation for repeat offenses which can affect the students career development.The student may be able to get a seam with more responsibilities and more pay, but they may not be able to keep it, or might even harm people. Whether the students career is medical assistant, a teacher, or a lawyer, the exams are supposed to see the level of knowledge required for them to perform well and how can one show that when they are cheating on studies or exams. Another consequence of students cheating is that students, who cheat and getcaught, cause other current and future students who do not cheat to become penalized for honesty. When students cheat they change the rules of education in favor of themselves. At the same time changing rules for themselves also cause changing rules for those that get not to cheat, end result at one point or another someone will be affected. When you think of cheating, the question you should ask yourself should be Are you willing to take a huge risk and possibly affect your future? The end result to cheating is obviously not a good turnout that leads to many different wrong roads. Many people say once a cheater, always a cheater meanings if you cheat once, are you bound to cheat again or will you learn from your mistakes. On the basis of predictability of human conduct, when you think of exams your first perception would be who is going to cheat on the exam. There are many different reasons why people cheat, just as there are differences in individuals who may cheat.For some, cheating is a way of life, one may cheat for some relief and in other cases others may cheat and be caught off guard causing a momentary slipup, which in end result may never happen again. Now what causes a person to act in that behavior, and determine what caused that behavior. What factors lead a person to cheat is what many ask. Eventually one can make a change and not cheat again. I believe schools should organize speakers, programs and workshops in the framework of helping a student to cope with stress.As part of these programs, parents shou ld be made aware of how they often teach their children to cheat by increasing the pressure or demonstrating that success is the ultimate value in life. Students need to learn that you can cheat your way through school, graduate without acquirement anything, then get a profession and cause another person to get hurt payable to not knowing anything in school due to cheating. Next time if you should cheat to make that extra grade, think again because it may result in hurting yourself and your future or the future of others.

Zara Supply Chain Analysis

Zaras Secret to Success In comparison to its competitors, Zaras tack on drawstring is quite unconventional. Instead of focusing on competitive product prices and advertising Zara has developed a super integrated supply chain paralleled by a few(prenominal) (1). This supply chain allows it to rapidly respond to market demand and have extensive control over its design and production process (1). Inditex, the wearing confederacy that owns Zara is extremely vertically integrated. It is comprised of over 100 design, manufacturing, and distribution companies (3).Contrary to the common practice of ousting unnecessary labor, it handles most of its own manufacturing (60%), outsourcing only simple clothing designs. This extensive integration allows Zara to design, manufacture and distribute in as little as 15 days, which is lightning fast in the clothing industry (1). This is the essence of Zara. Zara releases reinvigorated clothing designs every two weeks (2), creating a made to order f eel as customers often have only genius opportunity to buy a specific product (3).This strategy increases the frequency that customers visit the store and also decreases the need to mark down prices on unsold merchandise, saving the company coin (2). Furthermore, this unusual practice reduces the cost of running out of one item. They sometimes even encourage stock outs to promote scarcity and therefore higher demand- a technique unheard of elsewhere (1). Image 1 Workers assembling clothing at a manufacturing plant Success of Zara and Goals of TargetZaras responsiveness to consumer demands is one of its greatest accomplishments. Its designers perform extensive fashion research and communicate exceptionally with its retailers to accomplish this (2). Target releases new clothing every 6 months which is a pull togethers pace comp atomic number 18d to Zara. By improving the fashionableness of its products Target could expect more sales and less inventory to hold. Also, if Target could leverage more of its capital assets in the way Zara does more flexibility of production operations would result.Zara mainly integrates backwards in its supply chain in order to control its production operations (2). Mimicking this aspect would allow for more control of Targets order sizes, order frequencies, and quality. Also, this would improve communication within the supply chain and therefore fall the bullwhip effect. Furthermore, Zara produces more voguish and less basic clothing than Target. If Target augmented its ratio to be more similar to that of Zara it could realize more sales, especially in the womens department. What Target Could Learn from ZaraSpecific ways that Target could improve its supply chain operations based on Zaras model are as follows For one, Target should improve its realization of market demand by increasing communication from consumers, and retail departments to producers. Programs should be implemented to foster constructive relationships amidst re tailers and designers to communicate up and coming fashion trends. Also, designers should use consumer surveys, attend fashion conventions, and research the market to further meet demands for future trends.Furthermore, a method of lay in consumer feedback should be used to further study the desires of customers and how to meet them. This could be done at a relatively low cost and without much alteration to the supply chains basic function. Difficulties could include financing extra designer education, and obtaining valuable, relevant feedback from consumers. These are minor problems that would not be insurmountable. Increasing Targets backward integration of the supply chain would increase production flexibility.Large manufacturers and suppliers that produce multiple major store product lines should be targeted. Integrating them into the mountain could potentially reduce extraneous costs due to order size inefficiency and the bullwhip effect. Product quality could be better contro lled as well as communication. towering costs of purchase and dealing with overseas firms could pose problems to this idea, but could result in a more efficient supply chain. Augmenting the ratio between smart and basic clothing would also be beneficial to Targets sales.Target currently sells 80% basic clothing and 20% trendy clothing. With the popularity of womens clothes high, Target should move towards producing more fashionable clothing in more styles within the womens department. This would boost sales of the more expensive trendy clothing and simultaneously decrease excess basic clothing inventory, increasing revenue and decreasing holding costs of basic clothing inventory. Making the slickness to more trendy clothing production could be costly, but if done gradually would not have a huge impact on the monetary sector.

The Effect Of Obestatin Health And Social Care Essay

The present survey was designed to measure the effects of chronic intra peritoneal disposal of obestatin on plasma testosterone concentrations and cellular morphometry of the testicles in masculine Sprague Dawly rats. Treatment groups were injected with obestatin ( 1nmol/100 l saline i.p ) while the correspond groups received saline ( 100 l i.p ) for 10 back-to-back yearss. Blood samples were collected at different clip intervals during and after the dose disposal. Testiss were removed after killing the rats on yearss 5 and 15 after the last injection. Plasma testosterone concentrations were found significantly high ( p & A lt 0.05 ) in the obestatin treated groups as comp bed to the control groups. testicular histomorphometry revealed that obestatin intervention caused a important addition in the primal spermatocytes ( P & A lt 0.0001 ) , secondary spermatocytes and spermatids ( P & A lt 0.005 ) and Leydig cells population ( p & A lt 0.0001 ) both(prenominal) after fi ve and 15 yearss. These findings indicate that obestatin significantly proliferate different testicular cell types and heighten testosterone secernment in male Sprague Dawley rats during peri-pubertal phase of development. motley peptide endocrines are secplexusd from the intestine and enter circulation that regulates nutrient consumption, energy balance and stomachic motility Tache et Al. 2004 Young et Al. 2005 Baynes et Al. 2006 Cummings et Al. 2007 . The oxyntic mucous membrane cells secrete two peptide endocrines, ghrelin and obestatin which are considered as functional adversaries of each other. Ghrelin addition nutrient intake while obestatin cut down nutrient consumption Zhang et Al. 2005 Gualillo et Al. 2006 .G-protein coupled sensory receptor GHS-R1a is considered as ghrelin receptor McKee et Al. 1997 . Another G-protein coupled receptor GPR39 which belongs to the ghrelin receptor household and is considered as receptor of obestatin Zhang et al. , 2005 . In gna wers, obestatin look was reported in assorted tissues including stomachic mucous membrane, myentric rete perinatal pancreas every bit good as in the Leydig cells of the testicle Chanonie et Al. 2006 Dun et Al. 2006 Zhang et Al. 2005 . It was reported that obestatin can non go through blood encephalon barrier, besides its look has been reported in the encephalon. It was therefore postulated that obestatin might make the encephalon through the average distinction Pan et Al. 2006 Jackson et Al. 2006 .Data sing the booking of obestatin in the generative maps is still missing nevertheless in a recent survey it was found that obestatin might be involved in the ordination of ovarian granulose cells maps. It was reported that obestatin significantly increase Lipo-Lutin secernment and bring on programmed cell death in civilized porcine ovarian granulose cells Meszarosova et Al. 2007 . Engagement of ghrelin in the ordinance of generative maps has besides been reported. It was found that intervention with ghrelin for 10 back-to-back yearss resulted in the suppression of proliferative stage of different testicular cells during peri-pubertal phase. In the back bead of these findings the present survey was designed to look into the chronic consequence of obestatin on testosterone production and testicular cell proliferation in male Sprauge Dawley rats.Different cell counts are presented in table 1. In the obestatin treated animate beings the average go steady of spermatogonia was high as compared to the control animate beings, only if this addition was non statistically important. However, the average figure of primary feather spermatocytes were significantly high at different experimental yearss in the obestatin treated animate beings as compared to the control animate beings ( P & A lt 0.0001 ) . The average figure of secondary spermatocytes were besides significantly high in the obestatin treated animate beings on both 5 and 15 cardinal hours ( P & A lt 0.005 ) . Average figure of unit of ammunition and extended spermatids nowadays in the seminiferous tubule were significantly ( P & A lt 0.005 ) high in both intervention groups dissected on different experimental yearss as compared to matching control groups. Similarly the average figure of leydig cells were significantly ( p & A lt 0.0001 ) high in treated groups as compared to command groups but the figure of Sertoli cells present in the seminiferous tubule was non significantly high in the treated groups as compared to the control groups on different experimental yearss ( figure 2 and 3 ) .MeanSEM testicular adventitia albuginea thickness, seminiferous tubule epithelial peak and seminiferous tubule diameter of control and obestatin treated groups on different experimental yearss are presented in table 2. There was found no important exit in testicular adventitia albuginea thickness, seminiferous tubule epithelial tallness and seminiferous tubule diameter of treated group s as compared to the control groups.MeanSEM atomic diameter of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, sertoli cells and leydig cells of control and obestatin treated groups on different experimental yearss are presented in table 3. No important alteration in meanSEM spermatogonial, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, sertoli cells and leydig cells atomic diameter was observed in treated groups as compared to the control groups, both at 24 hours five and twenty-four hours 15 ( figure 2 ) .The testicle is a complex hormone organ where different cell types interplay to guarantee male birthrate, under the control of a overplus of hormone, paracrine and autocrine restrictive signals Saez 1994 . In recent old ages, it has become apparent that different factors with cardinal functions in the growing axis ( e.g. GHRH and IGF-I ) and organic structure weight homeostasis ( e.g. leptin ) are potentially involved in the ordinance of testicular map Ciampani e t Al. 1992 Baker et Al. 1996 Tena-Sempere et Al. 1999 Tena-Sempere et Al. 2001 .The present survey was designed in order to measure the effects of 10 twenty-four hours chronic i.p disposal of obestatin on testicular morphology and androgen synthesis in peri-pubertal male rats. In the survey 45-days-old male rats were allocated for the experiment because this age is considered as normal timing of puberty happening in the male rats Ojeda and Urbanski, 1994 . Infusions ( i.p ) of obestatin for 10 yearss was started when the rats were 45 yearss old and were dissected on twenty-four hours 5th ( 60-days-old ) and 15th ( 70-days-old ) twenty-four hours after intervention. The first sperm cell is normally seen in the lms of seminiferous tubules at 45th twenty-four hours of age Clermont et Al. 1957 and mature sperm cell is seen in vessel deferens 13 to 14 yearss subsequently at the age of about 60 yearss Clegj et Al. 1960 . The proliferation rate of the testicular cells is higher i n this peculiar clip, so for this estate the current experiment was conducted on this stage of development in male rat.In the present survey, chronic extract of obestatin during the pubertal phase, significantly increased testosterone full stop in big male rats, and that elevated testosterone degree might straight heighten the spermatogenesis every bit early as observed in bulk of the seminiferous tubule in the treated animate beings as compared to the control animate beings. Obestatin intervention besides caused pronounced addition in figure of assorted testicular cells in the seminiferous tubules. This determination shows that obestatin has a stimulatory function in the transition of cellular proliferation during the peri-pubertal period in male rats. This determination besides suggests a manageable opposing manner of action of obestatin as compared to ghrelin, as it was besides antecedently reported that ghrelin is a negative modulator of male generative system Kheradmand et al. 2008 .Obestatin intervention for 10 back-to-back yearss failed to do any significantly addition in the figure of spermatogonia and sertoli cell in the seminiferous tubule of the male rats and besides has no effects on seminiferous tubule and epididimal cannular thickness and its diameter. Similarly no alteration was observed in the weight and diameter of testicles. No information sing consequence of obestatin on testicular degree has been still reported.The present observations provide grounds for an engagement of obestatin in heightening the testosterone production from leydig cells. Either this addition in the testosterone secernment is the lineal consequence of the binding of obestatin to its receptor ( GPR 39 ) which is present in testicle Yammamoto et Al. 2007 or obestatin could either heighten the reactivity of Leydig cells towards pituitary LH. Clearly farther surveies are needed to screen out the exact mechanism through which obestatin enhance testicular testosterone synthesis and the manner through which it induce spermatogenesis in male rats testicles.

Home Video Game

1 Why the rapid growth of Atari? Why the 1982-85 sever? How did Nintendo rebuild the persistence? What was its strategy? After Bushnell settled on Atari, his first built was the simplest venture, which people k impertinently the rules immediately, and this feeble could be played with only one hand. Then, Bushnell talked his panache into a $ 50000 line of credit from a local bank to start his business. By 1974, 100,000 Pong-like grainys were sold worldwide, and although Atari manufactured only 10 percent of the game, the go with lighten made $3. 2 million that year.Atari had a rapid growth because it is a new fabrication, and Atari does not have any competitor at that time. So, Atari is the only company in this property video game industry, and it has a huge power of supplier with no competitors and substitutes. After 1976, about twenty different companies were crowding into the home videogame market, Atari still has more than 50% market share in the industry. Until 1978, A tari estimated that total demand would reach 2 million units. In 1982, Atari lost $500 in the first nine months of the year.Part of the blame for the collapse was laid at the feet of an enormous inventory overhang of unsold games. With more and more new games charge the market, the average price would goes down and the profits goes down as well. Nintendo established a commanding worldwide position by the end of the decade. The first maltreat of Nintendo was to license video game technology from Magnavox. Then, Nintendo tried to develop its own video game machine (Famicom) that combined superior graphics processing capabilities and first-class honours degree woo.In the US, Nintendo established a subsidiary named as Nintendo of America (NOA) by 1980, and Nintendo repositioned the market in U. S. NOA spent about 2% of sales budget for publicize and also sought out promotion partner, and it practiced careful inventory management in releasing its new games. In conclusion, Nintendo m ade an innovative new game system which had some matched advantages such as cheaper, superior image superior, faster hardware processing and a connector that can be used for future addition of a modem and keyboard. How was Nintendo able to capture value from the home video game business? First of all, with the video game industrys collapse, none of the company seems to have anything to do with the with the home video business except Nintendo. So, it was a big chance for Nintendo to monopolize the video game business, and it was a good chance to negotiate and license other companies to develop games for its system. Secondly, Nintendo has good market position and distribution in United Stated.Thirdly, Nintendo has good game designing and technology, and it uses the regulation, contract and patent license to limit the market share of other game companies. 3 How was Sega able to gain market share from Nintendo? With Segas first game Periscope, Sega built up a respectable export busin ess. Then, Sega realized that great games drove sales and more powerful technology gave game developers the tools to develop more appealing games. Sega also licensed other companies to develop games for the Genesis platform, but asked for lower royalty rates than Nintendo.Despite aggressive merchandising in the 80s, it wasnt until the introduction of Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 as a direct competitor to Nintendos Mario character that Sega was able to capture a meaningful tot of the market with its Genesis console. The key point was Genesis does what Nintendo dont, and Sega version out sold Nintendos two to one. 4 Evaluate the competitive strategy of 3DO. What flaws can you see in 3DOs approach? The vision for 3DO was to shift the home video game business away from the existing cartridge-based format and toward a CD-ROM-based platform.The belief at 3DO is that the superior storage and graphics processing capabilities of the 3DO system would prove very attractive to game developers, a llowing them to be far more creative. In turn, better games would attract customers away from Nintendo and Sega. The 3DOs strategy was to license its hardware technology for free. However, only a few 3DO titles were available by the Christmas period where reports suggested cl titles, and sales of the hardware were slow. As can be seen, 3DO did good at its software, but bad at its hardware.As a result, 3DO announced that it would either apportion its hardware system or move into joint venture. 5 How come the Sony Play Station has succeeded where 3DO failed? Sony set up a retail channel recess from its consumer electronics sales force, and Sony has a good communication with retailers before the launch to find out how it could help them sell the play station. Sony targets its advertising for PlayStation at specific multiplication and age range. So, Sony focused on it retailers and customers, and it has a good market position.On the other side, 3DO only focused on its products but la ck of the communication with its retailers and customers. 6 What drove Microsofts decision to enter the industry with its X-box offering? Because before Microsoft entered the home video game industry, it was no stranger to games. Microsoft had long participated in the PC gaming industry and was one of the largest publishers of PC games. X-box was based on Microsofts PC technology, and it would be much easier for software developers to write game for.Microsoft enter the industry because with annual revenues in excess of $20 billion worldwide, the home video game industry is huge and an important source of potential growth for Microsoft. 7 What lessons can be learned from the history of the home video game industry that has been used to help launch the Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box? Do Microsoft and Sony step forward to have learned and applied these lessons? The lesson can be learned from the history of the home video industry was to focus on R&D, market positioning, cost leadership, innovation, technology and communications.Sony PlayStation II has consumed about 1. 3 billion in R&D, and Sony actually loses money on Sony PlayStation machine but gain from game CDs. On the other side, Microsofts X-Box cut X-box price over time but guaranteed a profit margin. There are three technical factors determined the quality of a video game data width (in bits), clock speed (in MHz), and the amount of RAM (in bytes). Both Sony PlayStation II and Microsofts X-Box have their own competitive advantage in these technologies, and they also both are good game designers.

Impressing Your Boss

It sounds like a no-brainer, but quiz your boss on what is the most important way you can spend your time and then make those tasks a priority, suggests Steve Langerud, director of professional opportunities at DePauw University. By tackling the objectives that your boss holds in high esteem, youll naturally be in a better spot to get attention and praise for your treat. 2. Demonstrate your value Forget what your job commentary says, create an action plan for how you can be doing your job better, says Mary Hladio, founder of Ember Carriers Leadership Group.Consult your boss and other leaders inwardly the organisation for their input, and put the ideas in motion. 3. Be a team player Shaunti Feldhahn, author of The Male Factor, says high-level managers of both sexes want to know that their employees are on board with the team, especially at critical moments. In a demanding period, you want to make sure you are sharing the same pain, she says. For example, this might mean staying e asy for a meeting or pitching in on a company-wide initiative. (For more, see Seven tips for staying off the chopping block. )Even if its not part of your job requirements or you havent been asked to do it, voluntarily offer your boss reports on your progress, says former human resources trainer, Mimi Donaldson. Bosses are busy, she says. You cannot expect them to notice when you do something great. But a routine netmail summing up your day-to-day accomplishments and where you stand on major projects is an influential way to keep your boss informed without monopolising time. 5. Network like youre unemployed Langerud also advises stretching out to colleagues in other departments and requesting their feedback on how you can help them be more effective.Around the company, it will only improve your reputation, he says, and it will potential get circulated back to your boss that you are a problem-solver and a dedicated worker. (Learn more in Four career networking tips that work. ) 6. Be heard and seen Its not intimately gossiping around the water cooler every morning, but finding subtle, yet powerful, routes to contribute to your firm. For instance, it may be presenting a strong, thoughtful point in a meeting, or sharing innovative ideas up the ranks about ways to improve your companys operation.Plus, being seen at company events, such as holiday parties and other social gatherings, volunteer activities and corporate retreats, shows you care about your job. The bottom line Not only is the job market more competitive in recessionary times, its also increasingly difficult to get a raise. Thats because the pool of money corporations reserve for rewarding staff even the most stellar of employees is shrinking. The current work environment demands that you must stand out in your bosss mind if you want to get a bump in your salary or a promotion.

How Far The Australia’s Legal, Political And Educational Structures Are Modeled On British Institutions Essay

Australia was colonized by British and was granted independence in 1901. The six colonies which had been formerly inhabited by the British during closure became the six states in the federal authorities that Australia assumed. Most of the legal, political and fostering systems borrowed a cope from British institutions, although Australia preferred to borrow the federal system from America (State University, 2009). Some of the powers that had been held by the states were volunteered progressively and when the twentieth century came to close, the federal judicature was responsible in running Australia.How Far the Australias Legal, Political and Educational Structures ar Modeled On British InstitutionThe major institutes in Australia such(prenominal) as bureaucracy, education and the lyric that is super Cly utilize thither throw away a British line modeling. Some of The universities that were in Australia in the 1920s boasted of being as old as three- quarter century. It was quite evident that there was no one teaching economics until 1913. The professor who was teaching history or philosophy gave a undivided or double lecture on the theory of economics in a week. Due to the blanket(a) work load, economics experienced a lot of negligence something that profoundly shocked the Americans (Heaton, 2008).Most universities in Australia had borrowed a lot of British ideas in their modeling and with special preference of Cambridge and Oxford which concentrated in technological training, back in 1920s. Economic science had minimal teaching in Britain until recently and Australia gave little charge as it held the British system superiorly. Mathematics, philosophy, classics and literature that were commonly offered in around universities in Britain were accorded a lot of respect by the Australians who also offered them in their universities.There was a lot of attention in oblation of law, medicine and engineering which were traditional courses offered in u niversities of Britain. The state established near universities in Australia, and the largest proportion of tax was drawn from usual coffers and this takes place up to date (Heaton, 2008).Most endowments that were private contributed minimally to the development of universities in Australia unlike in America. These private endowments invested half the revenue that the organization invested in public institutions. Money from the public was unconditionally granted by the government which do no attempt to seriously control policies and teaching. The universities were pendent on the state, uniform to universities in Britain.The first universities in Australia were established with the aim of meeting the standards that stressed their might of meeting the values and norms of the models of British universities which were considered to be the or so appropriate (University of Western Australia, 2003. These models that were adopted have made it impossible for newer universities to ad opt any other system as a powerful effect has been exerted by the already existing universities.The government draws a lot of security from scientific interests than culture and education is seen more(prenominal) of an instrument than experience (State University 2009). The community also perceives the university to be a place where it is served through the training of lawyers, engineers, dentists, teachers and doctors and thusly these traditional courses continue holding a lot of attention.Specialization is very common in most of the Australian universities and once a student goes to a specific department, they will be ignorant on other departments. This has resulted to the graduates being more professionalized than educated. This phenomenon is common in most prestigious universities in Britain. America has the most diversified university programs and there is a call for conformity of Australian universities by the people.Australian law is comprised of the common law, (which deri ves its basis from the common law of Britain), the constitution and federal laws passed by parliament. The states within Australia exercise their own regime over the court systems and parliaments which be subject in each. The systems of government and law that are currently alive(predicate) in Australia have their legal dependence and validity on the British statutes (University of Western Australia, 2003) One such statute is the Act of 1900 known as Commonwealth of governance of Australia. The characters of legal institutions and Austrian law traditions have a monoculture characteristic. This reflects an origin which is English in nature. The Aborigines who were the natives of Australia were completely ignored by the British as they were as well native and the Britons completely disregarded any laws that were in place, but instead subjected them to the England laws (Aroney 2007, p. 8).Recently, Howard made the same orchestrate in 2007, by initiating an discourse of communiti es of the Aborigines who live in the territory that lies in the North of Australia. The forces of the military were mobilized and the government granted them power to directly exercise control over the communities which were targeted. This was to last for five years and this hunt down is no different from what the British did when they first arrived in Australia.The constitution protects Howards maneuvers as the state government can override the government authority in the Northern territory (Stringer 2007, p. 30). This law is still puzzle in the constitution which gives the government the power to constitutionally usurp territorial governments sovereignty. Howard is doing what the British did to the native aborigines since this intervention has been viewed as contravening the human rights due to its discriminatory nature.Howard claims that he is saving the aboriginal children from being sexually maltreat by the whites in Australia (Stringer 2007, 32). It is evident that the cons titution of Australia is still embedded on the Common Wealth Constitution by the British and nothing has been done to include the native Aborigines in the constitution. The system of court that is present has still borrowed a lot of modeling from the English system (Goldring, 2003). The high court is the final accumulation court and also deals with constitution matters.The basis of the constitution of Australia is the commonwealth constitution that was enacted in 1900 and this statute was used until 1942. The independence of the legislature was enacted in 1986 in Australia. This was a symbol of its freedom from Britain. Until 1990, Australia held the status of constitutional monarchy something it had catching from Britain. Although there are supreme courts in all states, the high court was established to ensure the uniformness of the common law. The common law is inherent of the common law in Britain (Edwiyna 2008, p. 230).The necropsy in the UK is an enviable character who enjoy s a lot of executive powers that the presidents of America have no access to. This power is similar to what the premier in Australia enjoys a clear picture that Australia adopted the same political arrangement as Britain which had formerly colonized it (Bennister 2007, p. 335). Both the premiership in Australia exhibit a lot of similarities as the there is a lot of capacity and influence from the premier.There are a lot of constraints in the institutional that are discrete, but the capacity of resources is easy to identify. Both of these premiers are stretching the institution through growth in the office of the leaders, policy advice which is bold and centralized and the ministerial advisers functions and roles have been strengthened. These new structures, practices and touch are entrenched in the political systems of both the premiers and this is attributed to the practice of their executive powers (Bennister 2007, p. 330). Australia adopted the office of the premier with executi ve powers like Britain who can make decisions that are hardly challenged.ConclusionAustralia, which was a British colony, has borrowed so much from Britain in terms of education, legal and political system. Most of its oldest universities were modeled from the famous British universities such as Cambridge and Oxford. There was a perception that the technical courses offered in these reputable institutions should be taken as the guidelines in the universities in Australia. This has made most private investors to shy away from establishing more universities and by 2007 there were only two private universities out of the 39 that were present in the country. There has been an outcry for the education system to be diversified to conform to that of American universities that are seen as more appropriate.The constitution that borrowed a lot from the Commonwealth Act needs some of the statutes to be reviewed to conform to the modern times. The Act that gives the government permission to usu rp Northern territories sovereignty sounds so colonist and it should be reviewed to protect the Aboriginal communities. It is the high time that Australia reviewed its own constitution to include everyone and get rid of some of the statutes that were present during colonialism. From this review, it is clear that most Australian systems are modeled on British institutions.BibliographyAroney, N 2007, Comparative law in Australian constitutional jurisprudence University of Queensland law journal, University of Queensland, Vol. 26(2) pp 8Bennister, M 2007, Tony Blair and John Howard Comparative Predominance and Institution range in the UK and Australia, British journal of politics and international relations, Vol. 9 (3) pp 327-345Edwiyna, H 2008, Colonialism and Long-Run Growth in Australia An Examination of Institutional Change in Victorias Water Sector During the Nineteenth Century, Blackwell print ltd Vol. 48 (3) pp 266-279Goldring, J 2003, The Australian court system and its oral tradition, Retrieved April 25, 2009 from http//209.85.229.132/search?q=cacheinbECLUBLQ4Jweb.bham.ac.uk/forensic/IAFL03/goldring.doc+How+ outlying(prenominal)+were+Australia%E2%80%99s+legal,+political+

African-American Studies Essay

During the finis between 1865 and 1900, the lives of many African Americans had changed in both political and social ways. They had a lifestyle transformation. Politic every last(predicate)y, African Americans were able to vote. As for socially, African Americans were beginning to be viewed as equals. African Americans were given the opportunity to vote. in that respect judicial decision began to matter. As Alfred H. Ward expresses in his art black men delay in a line, it means such(prenominal) more than a single file. Displaying the men dressed in different outfits and uniforms waiting to put in their opinion, their vote (Document A).Negroes were now being viewed as another person and another opinion needed. It was even expressed that one shall not be denied a vote for their race (Document C). This is and again another prime example of the African Americans new progress in a political aspect. though it may seem a simple and smooth change it wasnt a golden street through the transformation, some still could not accept the fact that black deserve to have the castigate to vote. Dramatic words and publication were existent during the late 19-century, even a cartoon was published of an African American man dying, and reason of death being he used his right to vote (document F). short the African Americans had their heads soaring high, some people were finally giving them some social respect. Along with the fourteenth amendment supporting their new freedom things seemed to be changing. Simply re stated no state shall reach or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States just with the first statement, African Americans are entitled to even more rights (Document B). Again, the civil rights act of 1875, this enacted that all persons of the U. S.shall be entitled to lavish enjoyment of accommodations, advantages, and privileges of inns, public water and entertainment. Also stating that this is applicable t o every citizen of every race (Document D). Though yet again things were not always so positive and equal. Jim crow laws of the deep south created many restrictions and much un fair treatment. To the extent of marriages between white and blacks were prohibited in Florida (Document H). In Georgia one could not burry an African American where whites were buried (Document H).Also, in Mississippi, discussion of or defending for social equality would immediately be guilty of a misdemeanor (Document H). Some cases so harsh that blacks who would assert their rights would side of meat unemployment, eviction, and sometimes physical harm. From evidence shown the African Americans had dramatic reconstruction stages in both political views on with social views. They received some respect and rights of being created equal. They also received their right to vote. Though, it didnt all become easy and perfect they had much progress of reconstruction. Many changes were made. As many lives were tr ansformed.

Madre de Cacao

Gliricidia Sepium is known as Madre de Cacao or Kakawate. Madre de Cacao is common here in the Philippines. This specify has a great benefits in treatment on the skin and besides it is use for antimicrobial. This plant is a natural insect repellant. It is toxic to humans when it mixed with rice or maize ( also known as corn ) which is use as rat killer. The researchers choose this kind of plant is because it has a capability to kill parasitic mites which may do to the animals who are now experiencing skin unsoundness standardized mange ( skin disease of a dog and cats ).If this disease are continuing to be further this may transfer to humans that may experience skin disease which is called scabies. The group of researchers has a goal to particularize if this plant can use as treatment for the dogs that are experiencing mange. B. Statement of the problem This study in the main aims to find out if kakawate leaves can be used as as parasitic mites killer in dogs and cats More specifically, study aims to determine the following How long it will take for the extract to take nucleus Amount of extract more effectiveC. Significance of the study Among people dog is usually chosen as their own pet, because of its great skills and caring as an animal. Aside from knowing them as Mans surmount friend they are also used to be the guards in our home. Dogs really need to avoid burglars and decrease the crime. Dogs cant avoid from having a disease one of this is Mange. It may transfer to humans if this disease will continue to spread.This study aim to help dogs from avoiding skin disease such as mange, with help of Madre de Cacao (Kakawate) it may give a solution. D. Scope and Limitation The researcher will just tension on the study concerning the extract Madre de chocolate tree as parasitic mites killer. The study only limits the effect of Madre de cacao as parasitic mites killer. This plant has no bad effects in the animals and humans. This plant is toxic when it mixed with rice and maize ( also known as corn)

Inclusion in the Classroom A Critical Review

Issues environing the integration of scholars with disablements into the global steering take aimrooms be explored in this research paper. The history of comprehension if first examined by following the motion from mainstreaming to the least confining surround and eventu onlyy to ample comprehension of pupils in age- conquer general discipline t all(prenominal)rooms. Next, the current place of cellular comprehension and its topographical question in nurture in Canada is discussed. Besides, issues confronting pupils, their ho handlingholds and instructors atomic number 18 furnishressed and suggestions to get the better of them are provided. Finall(a)y, the pros and cons of inclusive reading are presented and it is concluded that the benefits of inclusion overshadow the costs of including position require pupils into regular shallowrooms. Besides, inclusion t overthrows to better the overall educational experience for both extra removes pupils perpetuallyy mi nute of arc pricey as regular pupils in the shallowroom.Keywords integrating, disablements, inclusion, inclusive instructionInclusion in the Classroom A little ReviewEducation and inclusionEducation is the basis of responsible citizenship in roughly well-established democracies. Post alinement of Canada, the authorities and ordinary citizens waste recognized the signifi jackpotce of instruction and hold made public commissariats for its oecumenical handiness to kids and young person at the simple and risque school degrees.School is the topographic point that provides a confederation puting for kids and young person by assisting them pay sand their cognition, by advancing citizenship and edifice hearty relationships. Hence, when a school is inclusive, communities become inclusive besides. Educating kids is non merely a basic human right, but a vehicle for social inclusion and alteration.The recent thrust toward inclusive instruction is much than merely roughly specia l educational demands . It reflects alterations in the societal and political clime wherein a new attack characterizes believe about differences. The chief purpose of inclusive instruction is to guarantee that all pupils participate in the schoolrooms with their corresponding-age mates and develop emotionally, socially, intellectually and physically to their fullest ability.inclusive instruction is a developing puddle. Usually it is understood as instruction of kids with disablements in regular schools, but it is a much broader thought. It refers to an instruction organisation which continually pop offs at increasing engagement and taking exclusion from all the facets of schooling in a manner which makes a pupil feel no different from any other pupil and which ensures academic accomplishment ( Booth, 2002 ) .Inclusive instruction makes the school a topographic point of instruction for all pupils, and manages to run into the single demands of individually student better. It s hould be able to take the school to seek ways to educate all kids in the most ordinary ways possible Inclusive schools put into topographic point steps to back up all pupils to to the full take part in the life of the school with their age equals. Where barriers to full engagement exist, inclusive schools are able to alter their organisation, and adapt the physical premises and elements wi pure schoolrooms to the demands of each(prenominal) pupil.The primary rule of inclusive instruction is that ordinary schools should lend instruction every bit bromide as possible for all immature people mend accommodating it to the demands of each. It consists of puting schooling-impaired pupils in general schoolrooms and incorporating their acquirement experience with pupils in the general instruction categories ( Turnbull et al. , 2004 ) .Further more, there is a differentiation mingled with inclusion, where pupils spend most of their clip in the general instruction schoolroom and mainstr eaming where pupils with particular demands are educated in the general schoolroom during specific clip periods based on their accomplishments.The inclusive instruction theoretical account recountment challenges the particular instruction theoretical account, chiefly the belief that differences in academic or societal accomplishment between pupils with and without disablements are excessively hard to be accommodated in regular educational scenes that particular scenes are more strong than regular schoolroom environments for pupils with disablements and that labelling is necessary for appropriate service.Advocates of inclusion argue that the rights of and benefits to scholars with disablements who are embroild in regular schoolroom environments outweigh the challenges faced by instructors in such a state of affairs. With the actualise of decently trained resource instructors, regular schoolroom instructors should be able to work efficaciously with all pupils.History of inclus ive instructionThe history of suiting the demands of divers(a) scholars in the modern-day educational scenes parallels the knowledge of societal and psychological systems ( Kaufman, 1999 ) . Smith et Al. ( 1998 ) sum up this history as holding moved by and through three stages segregation, integrating and inclusion. However, late a planetary displacement in believing on methods schools use in reacting to the demands of diverse scholars has taken topographic point.Particular instruction found its beginning in purchase put in s concern with human rights following World War II, and by the 1950 s educational arranging based upon minority or disablement position was a debated issue ( Smith et al. , 1998 ) . Thus, particular instruction owes much of its beginning to the Civil Rights Movement, when the integration of Ameri plenty schools validated a parallel human rights statement against segregation based on physical/mental abilities ( Friends et al. , 1998 ) .While both Canada and the United States presented duty to the states and provinces for implementing educational statute law, The Education for All Children Act ( 1975 ) steered in a more inclusive theoretical account of particular instruction which bear outed free and appropriate instruction for all kids in the least restrictive and non- discriminatory environment. Written single educational programs ( IEPs ) to aim single demands were designed and implemented ( Salend, 2001 ) . In Canada, mediate support for greater inclusion of diverse scholars came from the 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which challenged favoritism based on mental or physical disablement. By the 1980 s most states and districts were allowing whatsoever type of particular instruction through a combination of regular and individualised environments ( Dworet & A Bennet, 2002 ) .Current placeInclusive instruction is nowadays s educational hot subjects, and there are a assortment of places on inclusive instruction. iodin en d is to assist staff and pupils gain an apprehension of all groups present in the local and field communities. Besides, inclusive instruction is sometimes equated with mainstreaming where particular needs pupils are placed in regular schoolroom state of affairss.In recent old ages advocates for inclusive instruction have argued that every bit galore(postnominal) as 40 % of pupils with rational disablements are still being educated in unintegrated scenes while they have a right to inclusive instruction ( Porter, 2004 ) . A reappraisal of current educational policies in most Canadian states shows that inclusion of pupils with disablements in regular schoolrooms is the dominant policy ( Hutchinson, 2007 ) , although most legal proponent maintain segregated schoolrooms for those pupils who might profit from such arrangements or whose parents prefer such arrangements ( Ontario Ministry of Education, 2000 ) . Researchers and pedagogues advocate that all kids, including those with disab lements, be educated in regular schoolrooms that reflect the diverseness of Canadian society and its inclusive determine ( Lupart & A Webber, 2002 ) . While such advocators agree that pupils with disablements may non be able to carry through the same curricular ends as the other pupils, they believe that inclusive instruction enables them to be treated with self-respect and allows others to allow in their concealed abilities.In recent old ages, there does look to hold been progress in the result to which kids and young person are educated in regular versus particular sept arrangements. However, while inclusion is progressively being accepted as the preferable attack for educating all scholars, other attacks to instruction go on in numerous countries of the state. Executions of inclusive patterns are inconsistent from state to province, community to community, and between school systems ( e.g. , English, French, Public, and Catholic ) . The incompatibility of attack has resulte d in confusion and uncertainness among parents and instructors. Besides, some pedagogues believe that inclusive agencies transfer particular needs pupils into regular schoolrooms with normal kids. The job with this position lies in the fact that there are no regular schoolrooms with normal kids. All kids are alone, and so are their demands and abilities. Therefore, it is perfectly necessary for instructors to supply pupils with individualised attending that forget assist them develop in peculiar countries and it s of import to construct success into each pupil s single acquisition experiences.The particular instruction policy that prevails in most legal powers fails to guarantee the committedness of instructors and their schools to inclusion. In many parts of the state, inclusive instruction is considered an add on to the bing particular instruction system, and it therefore may non be a precedence at all.Besides, effectual schemes are non widely in topographic point to furth er passages from early childhood scheduling to school and from high school to employment or to other post-secondary options. Many particular demands pupils who do graduate from high school, have no clear acknowledgment of the accomplishments gained or faculty members learned in order to number submission to post-secondary plans.Issues for pupils and householdsYoung people with continue to be denied entree to regular instruction in many instances. Zero tolerance and other expressional policies result in the segregation of pupils, particularly for those with ambitious behavior issues.Procedures for pupil appraisal and labelling create administrative loads for instructors while making a stigma for pupils. Bing identify as a particular needs pupil carries with it the menace of embarrassment and being bullied.Procedures for deriving entree to disability-specific supports ( e.g. , attenders, address specializers, assistive engineerings ) and other resources needed for success in regul ar schoolrooms are typically restrictive and non available on an just footing. There are serious concerns in many parts of the state about the insufficiency and inflexibleness of the supports that are available and about the long holds in procuring the supports that may last come on water tune. Similarly, alternate pupil testing and other adjustments for pupils are non assured.Parents have a polar function to play as confederates with the instructors, particularly for pupils with particular demands. However, in some instances, deficiency of significant maternal(p) engagement is observed and consequences in poorer educational quality for the kid.Issues for instructorsIndeed inclusion nowadayss an tremendous challenge to instructors as it brings with it increased anxiousness and excess work load. Individual Education Plans ( IEPs ) are taxing for many instructors and many merely have a limited background in this country. Besides, the practical utility of IEPs is questionable as to whether they do non inform and steer instructional patterns.Normally, there is confusion among instructors and educational helpers about their several functions and duties. Teachers often leave the premier duty for educating pupils with important disablements to teacher helpers. However, helpers should be playing a auxiliary and non a lead function.Additionally, instructional supports for instructors on inclusion ( e.g. , learning resources, sample lesson programs, etc. ) are besides needed. However, a deficiency of handiness and even wrongness of such supports has been a concern.Addressing the issuesIn order to turn to the preceding(prenominal) mentioned issues instructors, parents and kids need assorted sorts of supports.Support for instructorsModel schools need to be created highlight community-learning and value diverseness. There needs to be a committedness to run intoing all the values and pedagogical challenges. Flexibility in the course of dissect every bit good as perio dic testing is needed so that instructors can accommodate to the varying demands and abilities of diverse scholars in their schoolrooms. Besides, single educational programs ( IEPs ) need to turn with the kid and any individualised planning should drive instructional pattern and service as a existent render for the instructor.Regulating constructions need to be more teacher friendly and sensitive to issues of student-teacher ratio. Besides, touchable resources such as instructor helpers, supportive professionals, schoolroom equipment etc. are needed in order to maintain category sizes manageable without a sense of competition among schools.In add-on to that, school boards should be able to supply instructors with the practical aid and preparation required in order to equilibrate the outlooks of the current course of study every bit good as single pupil demands.Furthermore, instructors and parents need to be more mutually supportive of one another. Parents should go on to recommen d for quality instruction and inclusive plans for their kids, and should besides include support for instructors and the school within that.Last, development of a theoretical account model for successful inclusion is indispensable, which will affecting decision makers, instructors, resource instructors, teacher helper every bit good as parents. Furthermore, there is a demand for teacher-to-teacher mentoring support every bit good as sharing of thoughts and experiences that will profit the instructors and the pupils in the long tally. Professional development integrated into the regular teacher-training course of study, every bit good as ongoing preparation is required. Besides, Jordan and Stanovick ( 2004 ) place three nucleus concepts to assist do inclusion work at a schoolroom degree instructors beliefs about their functions and duties, instructors sense of efficaciousness, and the corporate belief of the school staff toward inclusive patterns.Support for parents and pupilsParen ts frequently lack information sing policies and plan offered by the school boards and the authorities. Therefore, instructors and school decision makers need to make headway unfastened communicating and support services in order to supply accurate information to parents. Besides, parents will decidedly profit from regular contact with other parents and support bureaus outside the school system.To back up pupils with disablements, school leaders need to make a community of credence and belonging that helps foster positive attitudes towards all pupils. Along with a healthy school environment, equal resources are needed to guarantee that pupil demands are met in a professional and timely mode. Teachers can assist by supplying supportive and flexible acquisition environments in the schoolroom. Besides, prosecuting pupils in active and meaty undertakings would promote engagement and do instruction gratifying. Effective schemes that work best for pupils with particular demands will wor k good for all pupils, because every kid in the schoolroom has alone larning demands and a multi-level attack to learning will outdo accomplish the highest potency for all pupils.Finally, to further a general clime of teamwork, instructors should promote and ease equal support where pupils should be able to assist each other and learn from each others experiences. This will assist them larn to demo regard for and do attempts to suit pupils demands and strengths.Professionals of inclusionInclusion has resulted in greater communicating accomplishments, greater societal competency, and greater developmental accomplishments for all particular instruction pupils who have been a portion of the inclusive scene ( Bennett, DeLuca, & A Bruns, 1997 ) . A 2nd benefit of inclusion is that handicapped pupils make more friends in the general instruction scene and interact with their pupil equals at a much higher degree non isolated in the particular instruction categories inclusion allows hand icapped pupils to be an active portion of the larger pupil organic structure. some other advantage is that the costs of inclusion are less over clip than learning the particular instruction pupils in particular instruction categories entirely. Increasingly, this deal emphasizes scholars rights every bit good as their demands, and stresses the importance of an instruction free from favoritism and segregation. Academic and societal accomplishment has really been found to be higher in regular instruction with assorted groupings of pupils from diverse backgrounds and abilities scenes ( Will, M.C. 2002 ) .Cons of inclusionEducators who are critical of inclusion argue that puting particular instruction pupils in the general instruction schoolroom may non be good and full-time arrangements in general instruction schoolrooms would forestall some handicapped pupils from obtaining intensive and individualised attending and instruction. Direction in the general instruction category would th in the specialised attending they would usually have in a particular instruction category. Besides, the fiscal resources are non available for inclusion to be effectual ( Fox & A Ysseldyke, 1997 ) . Critics of inclusion have asserted that particular instruction financess have non be appropriated to general instruction in a sufficient sum to do inclusion viable in all instances. In other words, in order for inclusion to work, financess need to be available to do inclusion effectual and feasible in the general instruction scene. Another unfavorable judgment of inclusion was that general instruction instructors do non possess the needed preparation or makings to learn handicapped pupils efficaciously ( Schumm & A Vaughn, 1995 ) . Furthermore, general instruction instructors do non hold chances to work with or join forces with particular instruction instructors and to be after and organize lessons and learning schemes between general and particular instruction instructors.DiscussionIn clusion appears to hold created an ideological divide in particular instruction, bespeaking a kick downstairs on how best to function pupils with disablements under the umbrella of particular and general instruction. The division has caused much dividing line in the educational community, motivating surveies on the viability of integrating. In the recent argument about inclusion, a exchange premium is placed upon full engagement by all and regard for the rights of others. As to every attack, inclusion excessively has its portion of positives and negatives. As schools implement inclusive patterns, research must go on to find how integrating will impact all pupils academic and societal advancement. Whether inclusion becomes a portion of the particular instruction continuum for arrangement of pupils with disablements or initiates a useful school system, pedagogues must rethink, restructure, and reorganise their present bringing system to profit all pupils.The benefits of inclusion c ertainly outweigh the costs. A major benefit of inclusion is that it allows for social integrating of handicapped pupils. Disabled pupils are much less unintegrated and isolated from the general pupil population. This is consistent with the ends and aims of the IDEA and No Child Left Behind Act which specified that all pupils should be treated every bit there should be equal protection and equal services. While non ever possible, this is a worthwhile end. Inclusion furthers this end of accomplishing full integrating for all pupils. Inclusion, therefore, consequences in greater societal coherence, a greater sense of empathy, and a greater sense of diverseness. Inclusion is a worthy end that should non be abandoned.Inclusion is important because it ensures equality and non-discrimination on the footing of disablement and allows pupils to have a free, appropriate public instruction. There are pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, to inclusion.Furthermore, pupils and instructo rs learn tolerance by developing and furthering a sense of community where diverseness and differences are valued. The segregation that consequences from separate particular instruction schoolrooms is avoided and the more interaction there is with persons with differences, the more tolerance, empathy, and apprehension is fostered and developed.

Why do men and women have such different experiences of health?

In sounding at the question Why do men and women be founder much(prenominal) different experiences of health, I am going to look into topics such as biological differences, Gender responsibilities, and Sociological explanations.The diversity in male and females health begins from puberty, usually around the historic period of x to fifteen in both sexes. Young women begin their menstrual cycle at an average age of thirteen, so it is acceptable to say that they ar aw be of their Physical self early on in life, women are to a greater extent likely to visit their doctor as a result of menstruation, and are alike encouraged by their friends, family and the Media to seek medical exam advice when they have a concern about their sexual health, which would contain to Routine visits for smear tests, or contraceptive advice.Conversely young men would not usually rally to go to the doctor possibly for the reason that they do not want to cause a fuss, or flat their peers dismiss their ailment, with comments similar to be a man.An different biological factor is committed to differences in physical make-up other than biological function. This estimate is based on different familial features for example women are generally smaller and so men are generally considered to be stronger.This view is, however fraught with inconsistencies because of the variations that obviously exist in physical attributes among men and women. It as well as ignores tender and pagan factors that are vital to any appreciation of gender.Our ideas in society tend to construct gender differences in health problems, at that place appears to be roughly severalise that men take more(prenominal) risks than women such as dangerous sports, Violent activities and hazardous occupations.Although women tend to consult doctors more often statistics suggest they have more ill health, this could be because women in their socially produced gender roles are seen as more acceptable to rise weakness a nd seek medical help and also if they are going to the doctor they are more likely to be diagnosed, possibly if men visited the doctor more often there would be a change in that statistic.In childbirth, reproduction, and mental health, women are more likely to be given prescriptions for anti-depressants or tranquillisers, men however are more likely to have alcohol problems, a more socially acceptable response to try than it is for women, although statistics indicate that women are catching up with men in the intoxication stakes.A womans role is often looking after everyone in the family so she tends to carry an added burden of stress with an attitude of having to soldier on with her responsibilities so she may be prone to physical and mental disorders.Victims of social and economic circumstances women tend to suffer from what is known as housewife syndrome the isolation and constant finis making involved in housework are very stressful as is the responsibility of looking after young children and managing a job, and of course we must not forget single mums they have the pleonastic stress of either being on benefits and trying to feed themselves and their children as healthily as they can, or being the only wage earner trying to do the same with very little epoch to relax which is a contributing factor towards stress not forgetting, men are single parents as well and do suffer from the same financial factors as single mothers.In addition there are certain illnesses that women suffer from because of their biology such as post-natal depression, and the menopause, because women tend to live longer they are more likely to suffer from degenerative disorders like arthritis and senile dementia. And an alarming 21% of women suffer from some form of disability. Men are more at risk from Coronary heart disease and there is an increase in men only disorders such as Prostate, Testicular, and Bowel cancer.Gender social roles are becoming less important, girls are doin g better than boys at school, they are more career minded than ever, the dialect is on fending for themselves, its almost as if they dont need men. So where does that leave men?There is substantial evidence that more and more men live alone, there is an increase in the rates of mental illness, felo-de-se, and even eating disorders.Present day mobility, lack of roots, weakened family structure and increased pressure to succeed have all been suggested as playing a part in the growing trend toward high suicide rates in young men.There are more emotional support networks aimed at women, passing men feeling isolated, although the last five years has seen a boom in mens magazines such as FHM, Loaded and Maxim. These magazines investigate a large number of health issues concerning men, and they incorporate relevant medical information such as home examination of their testicals in a jocular light hearted way, they also contain contact numbers and advice lines, which must be a reasurance for men.The artefact theory suggests that the use of surveys for statistics is inexact because it fails to take into consideration the clinical iceberg where it is unknown how many population suffer illness as they dont always report it, also most health care happens in the home, usually women treating symptoms by self care. In the case of postal surveys not everyone will respond and generally women fill in the forms for other family members. It is also unreliable because the figures relate to males of working age and not females, or older and younger people also statistics change all the time.However a survey carried out in 1992 showed that there were major gender differences in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour relating to health.These figures come from surveys like the General Household Survey (GHS) which is a incessant survey based on a small sample of the population resident in closed-door households in the UK, included in this survey are questions on fertility, housing, health, employment and education.

Exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Exam questions - Essay ExampleAlthough it may be tempting to view US foreign aid in the post-warfare era as a type of benevolent gifting to the lesser authentic regions of the globe, the fact of the matter is that each and every foreign aid decision in means by which loans, foreign direct investment, trade preference, or need was directed had a definitive purpose and purpose in mind. As a termination of the Second World War, the United States was placed in a unique position of authority in a newly differentiated bipolar global system. unchallenged dominance within the Pacific allowed the United States to extend trade to regions of the world that it had not fully merged with previously. The presence of United States military personnel on outposts as diverse as Guam, Gibraltar, Cyprus, Norway, and a litany of others allowed for the shaping of the new empire in which the United States would come head-to-head for a period of approximately 40 years with the Soviet Union. Within such a dynamic and such a level of understanding, the rule and motivation for engaging in the Marshall Plan is readily seen. Again, although the Marshall plan has been incorrectly viewed by many historical sources as merely a means to rebuild Europe after the bareness of war, the ulterior motive that drove this was twof nonagenarian. The first reason why the United States actively holdd in the Marshall plan was as a means to rebuild the economies of Europe that had been so devastated by the result of World War II. Although the Marshall plan called for unimaginable levels of foreign aid to be given to the governments of western Europe, this level of money, although unprecedented, was seen, by and large, as a type of investment. Although the United States emerged from World War II is the nearly powerful nation on earth, it nonetheless required robust economies in order to trade with and amount economic benefit. Secondarily, the Marshall plan was instituted as a means of providing a solid bulwark against the infringement and seemingly never-ending advance the Soviet Union was making into central and parts of southern Europe. Whereas the old dictum is true that it is impossible to buy your friends, the United States attempted to do just this, surprisingly successfully, by instituting a liberal policy of economic development within the shattered shell of a war ravaged Europe. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the conclusion of the Cold War era, the United States shape up to aid remained necessarily concentric upon trade, interests, and strategic rivalry. In such a way, even a cursory review of the level and extent to which the United States utilized foreign aid reveals a situation in which aid is invariably utilized as a leverage point. However, it must not be understood that the United States foreign aid is divisible into a single category. Rather, this analysis will briefly engage with some of the key drop deads and affects the different types of aid and appropriations had with regards to how developing nations have been affected as well as the key limitations in which such programs necessarily espoused. The second of these aid programs which will herein be discussed is know collectively as the Four Point Program. Instituted under Pres. Harry Truman, the four-point program was actually a reaction to social and aid programs that the Soviet Union had extensively developed around the world. As a function of showcasing and power of the Soviet ideal, the Soviet Union ridiculed the Western capitalist nations for

Growth Vector Analysis of Six Segments of Novartis Case Study

Growth Vector Analysis of Six Segments of Novartis - Case Study ExampleThe edge also refers to issues relating to atherosclerosis (these define maladys concerning the arterial system). Many countries around the continent have high and increase incidents of cardiovascular diseases (Kantarjian 45). Each year, cardiovascular diseases take many American lives comp bed to cancer. According to Novartis, cardiovascular diseases are a meaning(a) threat and a leading cause of death to both male and female genders in most industrialized countries (Ascierto P et al 89). In the event of these statistics, besides advocating for the importance of taking incumbrance measures such as decreased salt intake and avoidance of all kinds of tobacco, Novartis offers wide arrays if tools for practicing physicians for the prevention and counselling of the disease (WHO 33). Other ways in which Novartis tries to bring down the statistics is through the administration of prescription products which involv e, NeoRecormon a dose used in treating patients with anemia as a result of cancer treatment and issues relating to kidney disease (Leisinger 90). Bezalip a lipid altering agent that is indispensable in prevention measures of cardiovascular diseases, and Torem a drug used in the treatment of renal failure, hypertension and congestive heart failure. In 2006, Novartis gross sales in drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular, related diseases accounted for 4% of the total pharmaceutical sales, a drop from 6% in 2005. The acquisition of Bezalip helped boost Novartis sales in 1998(Dahlgren G 42). According to the Novartis report in 2006, Bezalip was not a significant drug sale for the company as they sold it to an other company and had to work on their other drugs that are NeoRecormon and Torem. In 2001, NeoRecormon became Novartis best sold drug totaling to $667MM. Infective and Respiratory Segment Infective and respiratory diseases describe diseases involving virus transmission throu gh the air or bodily fluids (R. van Tulder 32). Examples are commonplace cold, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis among others. The influenza virus is a crucial threat to human wellness as concluded by Novartis research team. Transmission of the influenza flu is through sneezing or coughing. Air molecules in the atmosphere carry the virus from one person to another thereby cattle farm the infectious disease. As a result, Novartis has a prescription product referred to as Tami flu to aid in the prevention measures and treatment of the deadly virus (Kolk A 27). In reference to infectious diseases, various products are available to treat patients with Hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Products to treat HIV/AIDS imply Valcyte, Fuzeon, Viracept, and Fuzeon( Lipton J et al 40). Treatment for Hepatitis C is Pegasys. Other treatments for the infectious diseases include Bactrium, Lariam, and Rocephin. In 2006, the sale of these drugs accounted for 21% of Novartis sales an increa se of one percent compared to 2005. The most successful sales attribute to the following drugs which include Xolair, Tami flu, Rocephin, and Pegasys. In 2004, Tami flu fetched $302mm in sales. This was a downfall of 22% from the previous year. In 2006, Tami flu sales increased due to the increasing stockpiling of drugs in readiness of pandemics. The rise resulted to 68% increase totaling to all over $2.38 billion. Oncology Segment The oncology segment deals with issues relating to cancer. As a major player in Health Care, Novartis commits to providing the most